Unit1Friendship
GrammarandUsefulStructures
1.Teachingobjectives
Learntousedirectspeechandindirectspeech
2.Teachingimportantpoint
SummarizetherulesofDirectSpeechandIndirectSpeech.
3.Teachingdifficultpoint
Learnaboutthespecialcasesinwhichthetensesshouldn’tbechanged.
4.Teachingmethods
Discussing,summarizingandpracticing.
5.Teachingprocedures
Step1Warmingup
Warmingupbydiscoveringusefulwordsandexpressions
Step2Presentation
Boysactonecartoonfigureandsayssomething.
Teacherasks“Whatdidhe/shesay?”
Girlsacttheothercartoonfigureandanswertheteacher’squestion.
Thenboysandgirlsexchange.
Theshoesaretoobigforme.
Whatdidhesay?
Hesaidtheshoesweretoobigforhim
Step3Grammar
ThestudentswilllearntheuseofDirectSpeechandIndirectSpeech(statementsandquestions).Firsttrytomakecleartothestudentswhatdirectandindirectspeechis,withthehelpofthepracticeinStepIII.Thengivethemsomeex¬amples.AtlastgetthemtosummarizetherulesofDirectSpeechandIndirectSpeech(statementsandquestions).
T:Inthispart,wearetolearntheuseofDirectSpeechandIndirectSpeech(statementsandquestions).WhendoweuseDirectSpeechandwhendoweuseIndirectSpeech?
T:Nowlet’slookatthesesentencesagain.IfwewanttochangeDirectSpeechintoIndirectSpeech,whatshouldbechanged?
Ssdiscussbythemselves.
Ss:sentencestructures,tenses,pronouns,adverbialsoftimeandplaceandverbsshouldbechanged.
T:Quiteright.Lookattheformonthescreen.Thesearetherules.
一、直接引语变成间接引语,句子结构的变化
1.陈述句
用连词that引导,that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直接用引语中的said,也可用told来代替,注意,可以说saidthat,saidtosb.that,toldsb.that,不可直接说toldthat
Hesaid,“IhavebeentotheGreatWall.”→HesaidtousthathehadbeentotheGreatWall.
Hesaid,“IllgiveyouanexaminationnextMonday.”
→HetoldusthathewouldgiveusanexaminationthenextMonday.
解题步骤:
“Idon’tlikecomputers,”Sarahsaidtoherfriends.
SarahsaidtoherfriendsthatIdon’tlikecomputers.
shedidn’t
Sarahsaidtoherfriendsthatshedidn’tlikecomputers.
.2.一般疑问句
间接引语用连词whether或if引导,原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked(me/him/us等),语序是陈述句的语序
Hesaid,“Doyouhaveanydifficultywithpronunciation?”
→Heasked(me)whether/ifIhadanydifficultywithmypronunciation.
Hesaid,“YouareinterestedinEnglish,arentyou?”
→HeaskedwhetherIwasinterestedinEnglish.
解题步骤:
Isiteasytoimprovetheconditionofthesoil?
(Theyaskedhim)“Itiseasytoimprovetheconditionofthesoil.”
Theyaskedhimifitiseasytoimprovetheconditionofthesoil
was
Theyaskedhimifitwaseasytoimprovetheconditionofthesoil.
3.特殊疑问句
原来的疑问词作为间接引语的连词,主句的谓语动词用ask(sb.)来表达,语序改为陈述句语序
Hesaidtome,“Whatsyourname?”→Heaskedmewhatmynamewas.
Heaskedus,“Howmanycarfactorieshavebeenbuiltinyourcountry?”
→Heaskedushowmanycarfactorieshadbeenbuiltinourcountry.
解题步骤:
Whendoyouharvestthewheat?
(Theyaskedhim)youharvestthewheat
TheyaskedhimWhenyouharvestthewheat.
Heharvested
Theyaskedhimwhenheharvestedthewheat.
4.选择疑问句
用whether…or…表达,而不用if…or…,也不用either…or…
Heasked,“DoyouspeakEnglishorFrench?”
→HeaskedmewhetherIspokeEnglishorFrench.
Iasked,“Willyoutakebusortaketrain?”
→Iaskedhimwhetherhewouldtakebusortaketrain.
二、在直接引语变为间接引语时需要注意的变化
1.注意时态的变化Directindirect
Presentpast
Pastpastandpastperfect
Presentperfectpastperfect
Pastperfectpastperfect
2.注意人称变化。
3.注意指示代词的变化this,these(that,those)
4.注意时间的变化now,today,thisweek,yesterday,lastweek,fourdaysago,thedaybeforeyesterday,tomorrow,nextmonth(then,thatday,thatweek,thedaybefore,theweekbefore,fourdaysbefore,twodaysbefore,thenextday,thenextmonth)
5.注意地点的变化here(there)
6.注意个别趋向动词的变化come,bring(go,take)
三、谓语动词时态变化需要注意几点:
1.直接引语表述的是客观真理,变为间接引语时,时态不变
Thegeographyteachersaid,“Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.”
Thegeographyteachertoldusthatthesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.
2.如果直接引语所表述的内容在目前和说话时同样有效,变间接引语时,时态可不变
Thechildrensaid,“Welovethisgame.”
Theytoldusthattheylovethatgame.
3.主句谓语动词的时态是现在时态,在引述时,时态不变。
Shesays,“I’llneverforgetthedaysinthecountry.”
Shesaysthatshe’llneverforgetthedaysinthecountry.
从句时态无须改变的还有以下情况:
1.当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候
2.当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时
3.当直接引语中有以when,while引导的从句,表示过去的时间时
4.当引语是谚语、格言时
5.当直接引语中有情态动词should,would,could,hadbetter,wouldrather,might,must,oughtto,usedto,need时
Step4Practice
ForEx1,getthestudentstolookatthesentencescarefullyinpairsinordertofindoutthedifferencebetweendirectspeechandindirectspeech.Guidethestudentstofindoutthechangesinpronounforms,wordorder,adverbialsandsoon,especiallytheverbtenses,theunderlineparts.Askthestudentstopayattentiontothereportingclause.
ForEx2,askthestudentstodoitbythemselves,thencheck.
Exercises:
1.Hesaid,“ImafraidIcan’tfinishthiswork.”
2.Hesaid,“Ihaven’theardfromhimsinceMay.”
3.Tomsaid“Iwillseeyounextweek.”
4.“Whywereyoulateagain?”Theteachersaidtome.
5.“Idon’tlikeswimming,”saidSarah.
6.HisfriendsaskedhimifhewouldgotoDalian.
7.“HaveyoubeentoParis?”Myclassmateaskedme.
高考链接
1.Readerscan________quitewellwithoutknowingtheexactmeaningofeachword.
A.getoverB.getin
C.getalongD.getthrough
2.It’shardformetoimaginewhatIwouldbedoingtodayifI______inlove,attheageofseven,withtheMelindaCoxLibraryinmyhometown.
A.wouldn’thavefallenB.hadnotfallen
C.shouldfallD.weretofall
3.Fatherwenttohisdoctorfor_______abouthishearttrouble.
A.anadviceB.advice
C.advicesD.theadvices
4.Iwonderhowhe____thattotheteacher.
A.daretosayB.daresaying
C.notdaresayD.daredsay
Step6Correctingmistakes
TanalysesthecommonmistakesSshavemadeduringthepractice.
T:Nowlet’slookatthescreenandpayattentiontothesesentences.Choosetherightsentenceandtellmewhytheotheroneiswrong.
一名优秀的教师在每次教学前有自己的事先计划,作为教师就要好好准备好一份教案课件。教案可以让学生们能够在上课时充分理解所教内容,帮助教师能够井然有序的进行教学。那么怎么才能写出优秀的教案呢?下面是小编精心收集整理,为您带来的《Unit1Occupation-grammar学案》,供大家参考,希望能帮助到有需要的朋友。
Unit1Occupation-grammar学案TheRelativeClause(I)
I.课文中出现的定语从句。
üüTeachersareprofessionalswhoworkinschools,collegesanduniversities.
üüTheyareaspecialkindofdoctorswhooperateonsickpeopleandrepairtheorgansthatnolongerworkproperly.
üüTheymaywanttogetthesamekindofclothesthesefashionmodelswear.
II.由关系代词引导的定语从句
1.1.关系代词:who,whom,which,that,whose,as
2.2.用法
1)1)who指人,是主格,在句中作主语或宾语
Themanwho/thattoldyouthenewsyesterdayisafriendofmine.
2)2)whom指人,是宾格,在居中作宾语,或跟在介词后面作介词宾语
Heistheyoungman(who/whom/that)sheloves.
HeisthemanfromwhomIlearnedthenews.(这里不能用who代替)
=Heistheman(who/whom)Ilearnedthenewsfrom.
3)3)that指物,有时也指人,在句中作主语或宾语
Doyouknowthemanthat/whotalkedwithyoujustnow?
Thepainting(that/which)theyaretalkingaboutwasdrawnbyanartist.
4)4)which指物,在句中作主语或宾语
Theriverwhich/thatrunsthroughthecityisquitewide.
Thisisthenewumbrella(which/that)Iboughtlastweek.
5)5)whose既可修饰人也可修饰物,是所有格,在从句中作定语
Ihaveagoodfriendwhosefatherisapoliceman.
=Ihaveagoodfriend,thefatherofwhomisapoliceman.
=Ihaveagoodfriend,ofwhomthefatherisapoliceman.
Iwantthedictionarywhosecoverhascomeoff.
=Iwantthedictionary,thecoverofwhichhascomeoff.
=Iwantthedictionary,ofwhichthecoverhascomeoff.
注:如果whom,which,that在定语从句中作宾语,关系代词可以省略
6)6)as指人也指物,在”thesame…as”,“such…as”,“as…as”的结构中使用,在从句中作主语,宾语或表语.
Heisnotthesamepersonashewasthreeyearago.
Heusedsuchexpressionsaswerementionedinthedictionary.
TomisascleveraboyasMikeis.
as作关系代词还可以引导非限制性定语从句,可以放在主句前.
Asweallknow,heisafamousinventor.
Asisknowntoall,heisafamousinventor.
(as的现行词不是一个名词,而是heisafamousinventor整个句子)
III.关系代词that和which的区别
在下列情况下,通常用that指物,而不用which
1)1)先行词是something,anything,everything,nothing,little,all等不定代词时,只能用that
Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?
Thereislittle(that)Icandoforyou.
All(that)youhavetodoistopressthebutton.
2)2)当先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时
Thisisthetallestbuilding(that)Ihaveeverseen.
3)3)当先行词被序数词修饰时
ThefirstEnglishnovel(that)IhavereadisTaleofTwoCities.
4)4)当先行词由only,no,very修饰时
Thisistheverydictionary(that)Iwanttobuy.
Thereisnodifficulty(that)wecan’tovercome.
5)5)当先行词指人又指物时
Theytalkedforabouthalfanhourofthingsandpersons(that)theyrememberedintheschool.
6)6)在特殊疑问句中,如果疑问词是which,为了避免重复,常用that作关系代词
Whichisthepicture(that)youlikebest?
IV.关系代词who与that的区别
在特殊疑问句里,如果疑问词是who,为了避免重复,常用that作关系代词
Whoofusthatknowssomethingaboutmusicdoesnotknowthis?
Whothathasseenitdoesnotadmireit?
一、教学目标(Teachingaims)
1、能力目标(Abilityaim)
Enablestudentstotalkaboutfiendsandfriendship.
Whydopeopleneedfriends?
Whatkindoffriendsdoyouliketomake?
Whatqualitiesshouldagoodfriendhave?
Whatelsecanbeyourfriendbesidesaperson?
2、语言目标(Languageaims)
a.重点词汇和短语
add,point,upset,ignore,calm,concern,cheat,reason,list,share
addup,beupset,calmdown,havegotto,beconcerned,sharewith
b.重点句子
Youhadtopaytogetitrepaired.
Youfriendcomestoschoolveryupset,
Whilewalkingthedog,youarecarelessanditgotloose.
Yourfriendasksyoutohelphimcheatintheexambylookingatyourpaper.
二、教学内容(Teachingcontent)
Warmingupandpre-reading
三、教学重难点(Teachingimportantpoints)
a.Talkaboutfriendsandfriendship
Whatdoyouthinkagoodfriendshouldbelike?
b.Leadinthereading
Whatelsedoyouthinkcanbeyourfriendsbesidespersons?
四、教学方法(Teachingmethod)
a.Asking-and–answeringactivitybetweentheteacherandthestudents
b.Individual,pairandgroupworktodiscuss
五、教学准备(Teachingaids)
Arecorder,acomputerandaprojector
六、教学步骤(Teachingprocedure)
StepⅠLeadinthetopicbyAsk-and-answeractivitybetweentheteacherandthestudentsthefollowingquestions:
a.Isfriendshipveryimportant?Why?
b.Doyouhaveanyfriends?Whatkindoffiendsdoyouliketomake?
StepⅡMakeasurveyabouttheunderstandingthetruefriendshipbyindividualwork.
1.Youwanttoseeaveryinterestingfilmwithyourfriend,butyourfriendcan’tgountilhe/shefinishescleaningthebicycle.Youwill…
2.Yourfriendaskstoborrowyourfavoritecamera.Whenhe/sheborroweditlasttime,he/shebrokeitandyouhadtopaytogetitrepaired.Youwill…
3.Yourfriendcomestoschoolveryupset.Thebellringssoyouneedtogotoclass.Youwill…
4.Yourfriendhasgoneonholidayandaskedyoutotakecareofhis/herdog.Whilewalkingthedog,youwerecarelessanditgotlooseandwashitbyacar.Thedog’slegwasbroken.Youwill…
5.Youaretakingyourmid-termexam.Yourfriend,whodoesn’tworkhard,asksyoutohelphimcheatintheexambylookingatyourpaper.Youwill…
Resultandanswer:
4-7points:Youarenotagoodfriend.Youeitherneglectyourfriend’sneedsorjustdowhathewantsyoutodo.
8-12points:Youareagoodfriendbutyousometimesletyourfriendshipbecometooimportant,oryoufailtoshowenoughconcernforyourfriend’sneedsandfeelings.Trytostrikeabalancebetweenyourfriend’sneedsandyourownresponsibilities.
13+points:Welldone!Youareanexcellentfriend.
StepⅢDiscussandsumupthequalitiesshouldagoodfriendhavebygroupwork
a.Thequalitiesofapersonwhocanbeafriendofotherseasily
honest,friendly,helpful,kind,brave,open-minded,generous,patient,good-tempered,trustworthy,careful,fulloflove,caring,responsible,interesting,easygoing,warm-hearted,selfless,intelligentdedicated
b.Thequalitiesofapersonwhocannotbeafriendofotherseasily:
selfish,tricky,dishonest,bad-tempered,mean,impatient,narrow-minded,noisy,lazy,gossipy…
StepⅣDebate
a.HaveyoumadeanyfriendsovertheInternet?Doyouhaveanye-pals?
b.DoyouagreethatweshouldmakefriendsovertheInternet?Whyorwhynot?
Sampleanswerswithreasons:Yes,Ithinkso/No,Idon’tthinkso.Iagree…becausewecan…/Idon’tagreebecause…/Inmyopinion/Ithink,believe,feelthatit’sbadforusto…
StepⅤTransitiontotheReading
a.Doesafriendalwayshavetobeaperson?Tellusaboutyourunusualfriends.
b.Doyouregarddiaryasyourfriend?Whyandwhynot?
Homework
a.Searchandcollectthesayingsaboutfriendship
b.Preparethenewwordsbeforelearningthereading
c.Writeashortpassageabout80words:“TheBestFriendInMyEyes”
Unit1EatingAroundtheWorld-grammar学案
一.快捷识记
现在分词作状语时,常可以表达伴随、原因、结果、时间、条件、让步情况,如:
1.表伴随:伴随状语出现的条件是由一个主语发出两个动作或同一个主语处于两种状态,或同一个主语发出一个动作时又伴随有某一种状态。伴随状语的逻辑主语一般情况下必须是全句的生语,伴随状语与谓语动词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的.
"Cantyouread?"Marysaidangrily,pointingtothenotice.
Thechildrenranoutoftheroom,laughingandtalkingmerrily.
Theystoodthereforanhour,watchingthegame.
Shesatatthedeskreadinganewspaper.
Travelingbyjeep,wevisitedanumberofcities.
Followingtheguide,theystartedtoclimb.
2.表原因
Havingeatentoomuch,hecouldn’tgotosleep.
Havingreadtheletter,shegotveryexcited.(完成式)
Seeingnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleavethemanote.
Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.
Beingsopoorinthosedays,wecouldn’taffordtosendtheboytohospital.
注:
Havingworkedamongthepeasantsformanyyears,heknewthemverywell.
(分词完成式的肯定式)
Nothavingreceivedananswer,hedecidedtowriteanotherletter.
(分词完成式的否定式)
3.表结果
Hisparentswerekilledintheaccident,leavinghimanorphan.
Thebuswasheldupbysnowstorm,thuscausingthedelay.
注:现在分词表示必然结果,前可加thus,不定式表意外的结果,前可加only.
Hewascaughtintherain,thusmakinghimselfcatchcold.(表示在意料之中)
Ihurriedtoschool,onlytofindthatitwasSunday.(表示在意料之外)
4.表时间
Whencrossingtheroad,pleasebecareful.
Don’tmentionthiswhiletalkingtohim.
OnarrivinginLondon,hemanagedtogetintouchwithher.=AssoonashearrivedinLondon,….
5.表条件
Workinghard,you’llgetagoodachievement.
Turningtotheleft,youwillfindthepathleadingtothesite.
6.表让步
Workingsohard,hefailedagain.
使用时注意:
1)分词表示的必须是主语发出的动作;
2)分词表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的;
3)分词表示的是次要的动作,对谓语动词所表示的动作或状态加以补充说明;
4)表示时间关系的连接短语有时还可以由连接词while或when引导。
二.随堂练习
()1._______moreattention,thetreecouldhavegrownbetter.(90’全国)
A.GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Havinggiven.
()2.Thecomputercenter,________lastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool(93’全国)
A.openB.openingC.havingopenedD.opened
()3.Thefirsttextbooks________forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.(94’全国)
A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written
()4.________isthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.(96’全国)
A.LosingB.HavinglostC.LostD.Tolose
()5._______thegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.(00’全国春)
()6._______suchheavypollutionalready,itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.(01’全国夏)
A.HavingsufferedB.SufferingC.TosufferD.Suffered
()7.Theresearcherissodesignedthatonce________nothingcanbedonetochangeit.(02’全国)A.beginsB.havingbegunD.beginningD.begun
()8.________in1636,HarvardisoneofthemostfamousuniversitiesintheUnitedStates.(00’上海)
A.BeingfoundedB.ItwasfoundedC.FoundedD.Founding
()9.When________,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.(02’上海春)
A.completedB.completingC.beingcompletedD.tobecompleted
()10.Pricesofdailygoods________throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.(02’京皖春)
A.areboughtB.boughtC.beenboughtD.buying
()11.Don’tusewords,expressions,orphrases________onlytopeoplewithspecificknowledge.(02’上海)
A.beingknownB.havingbeenknownC.tobeknownD.known
()12.Unless________tospeak,youshouldremainsilentattheconference.(03’上海春)
A.invitedB.invitingC.beinginvitedD.havinginvited
()13.Friendshipislikemoney:easiermadethan______.(03’北京)
A.keptB.tobekeptC.keepingD.havingkept
()14.Mr.Smith,_______ofthe________speech,startedtoreadanovel.(03’北京春)
A.tired;boringB.tiring;boredC.tired;boredD.tiring;boring
()15.________time,he’llmakeafirst-classtennisplayer.(03’北京)
A.HavinggivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.Given
(Key:1-5ADDCA6-10ADCAB11-15DAAAD
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