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语法难点精析之被分隔的定语从句】

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语法难点精析之被分隔的定语从句】

定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词;但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分,使它与先行词分隔开来,这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句,在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况,在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。

一般说来,定语从句被分割开来大致有以下三种:

①在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语。

如:Therearemanythousandsofstarsintheskythatarelikethesun.

在太空中有成千上万的象太阳般的星星。

乍一看,that引导的定语从句在名词sky的后面,似乎应该是修饰sky的。但仔细一想,”不对啊,天空怎么能象太阳呢?“,原来that引导的定语从句被inthesky这个地点状语分隔开来,修饰中心词stars。

②在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语。

如:DoyourememberoneafternoontenyearsagowhenIcametoyourhouseandborrowedadiamondnecklace?

你还记得吗,十年前的一天下午,我来到你家,找你借了一条钻石项链?

whenIcametoyourhouseandborrowedadiamondnecklace实际上是修饰afternoon而不是修饰years。tenyearsago实际上是定语后置修饰afternoon。

③先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时,先行词通常是句子的主语,因定语从句较长,主句谓语较短,为使句子平衡,常将定语从句移至谓语之后

如:AnewmasterwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.

明天,新(男)老师将来较你德语。

(1)besides与except

前者表示"除...以外,还有...";后者表示"从整体中除去..."

这个大家都知道,就不举例子了.

(2)except与exceptfor

a.除去的和非除去的是同类事物,用except

eg:

AlltheessaysarewellwrittenexceptNelson"s.

Nelson的文章(除去的)和Alltheessays(非除去的)是同类事物,所以用except.

b.除去的和非除去的不是同类事物,用exceptfor,并且从语气上通常表示遗憾.

eg:Hisessayiswellwrittenexceptforafewspellingmistakes.

afewspellingmistakes(除去的)和Hisessay(非除去的)是不同类的事物.

(3)apartfrom具有多重意义:既可表示besides,也可以表示exept或exeptfor,还可以表示without的意思

eg:

Apartfromthecost,itwilltakealotoftime.(=besides)

Theorphanhadnoonetotakecareofhimapartfromhisuncle.(=except)

Hehasdonegoodwork,apartfromafewslightfaults.(=exceptfor)

Therecanbenoknowledgeapartfrompractice.实践出真知.(=without)

(4)excepting=except,但一般用于句首或用于not,without,always等词之后

eg:

Exceptinghisbrother,theyareallright.

Everyone,notexceptingmyself,mustsharetheblame.

Allofus,withoutexceptingthosewhoknowmoreaboutthesubject,shouldstudy.

Allmybrotherscomhereeveryday,alwaysexceptingtheyoungest.

(5)but与except同义,但but多用在every,any,no等和由这些词构成的复合词如everything,anywhere,nobody等词以后及all,none之后

eg:

ThechildrengotoschooleverydaybutSunday.

Theyareallgonebutme.

Youcangetthebookanywherebuthere.

Thereisnoonebutme.

WhobutGeorgewoulddosuchathing?

(连载中)

我们知道too...to结构一般表示否定含义,意为"太...以致于不能"

eg:Heistoooldtowork.

但too...to在下列情况下却表示肯定含义:

⑴当too前或to前有否定词构成双重否定时.

eg:Englishisnottoodifficulttolearn.

英语并不太难学.

Heistoowisenottoseethat.

他很聪明,不会不懂这一点.

⑵当too后是glad,pleased,happy,delighted,satisfied,ready,willing,kind,apt,good,true,easy,near,careful,well,early,delicious,eager,anxious等形容词或副词时.

eg:Theyaretooanxioustoleave.

他们急于离开.

Heistooreadytohelpothers.

他总是乐于助人.

与这些词连用时,too前还常加上only,all,but,just,simply等副词,意思不变,因为这些词加上too后与very同义.

eg:I"monlytoogladtoseeyou.

见到你非常高兴.

Theyarebuttoopleasedtohearthenews.

他们听到这个消息,非常高兴.

⑶与cannot连用时.

eg:Youcannotbetoocareful(=Youcanneverbecarefulenough)todoyourhomework.

你做作业越仔细越好(=无论怎样仔细也不过分).

⑷当不定式在句中作定语或真正的主语时.

eg:Therearetoomanyproblemstobesolved.

有很多问题有待解决.

Itistoomuchtosaythatheisafool.

⑴"everyother+单数名词”

意思是“每隔一。。。”

如:everyotherday每隔一天everyothertree每隔一棵树

⑵“every+基数词+复数名词”或“every+序数词+单数名词”

意思是“每隔。。。”(较英语数词少一个)

如:everythreedays=everythirdday每隔两天(或者译为每三天)

因此everytwodays=everyotherday每隔一天(或者译为每两天)

⑶“everyfew+复数名词”

意思是“每隔几。。。”

如:everyfewdays(每隔几天)

⑴lively有“活泼的、快活的、生动的”等意思,可以指人或物,可作定语或标语;但它没有“活着的”意思,而其他三个都有。

如:

Youngchildrenareusuallylively.

小孩子们通常是活泼的。

Hetoldaverylivelystory.

他讲了一个生动的故事。

⑵alive、live、living都有“活的、有生命的”意思,与dead意义相反。但live通常只作前置定语,且一般用于动物;alive、living不仅可作定语(alive只能置于名词后;living一般置于名词前,也可置于名词后),也可以作表语。

如:

Thisisalive(=living)fish.(=Thisisafishalive.)

这是一条活鱼。(指动物,且作定语时,三者均可用)

Who"sthegreatestmanalive(=livingman)?

谁是当今最伟大的人物?(指人,不能用live)

Thefishisstillalive(=living)

那条鱼还活着。(指动物作表语时不能用live)。

⑶living主要指在某个时候是活着的,而alive指本来有死的可能,但仍活着的。而且,作主语补足语或宾语补足语时,只能用alive;作比喻义(如“活像。。。”、“活生生的”等)解时,要用living。

如:

Theenemyofficerwascaughtalive.(作主语补足语,不用living)

那位敌方军官被活捉了。

Wefoundthesnakealive.(作宾语补足语,不用living)

Heisthelivingimageofhisfather.(比喻义,不用alive)

他活象他父亲。

⑷只有living前加the方可表示“活着的人”,作主语时,视作复数。

如:

Thelivingaremoreimportanttousthanthedead.

活着的人对我们来说比死去的人更重要。

语法难点精析之含义因有无冠词而迥异的短语】

atplay在玩

attheplay在看戏

behindtime迟到

behindthetimes落在时代后

byday在白天

bytheday按日计算

bysea乘船

bythesea在海边

infrontof在...(外面的)前面

inthefrontof在...(内部的前面)

inchargeof看护,负责

inthechargeof由...看护,由...负责

insecret秘密地(作状语)

inthesecret知道内情(作表语)

incourseof在...过程中(作表语后置定语)

inthecourseof在...期间(作状语)

inred穿着红衣服

inthered负债,赤字

ofage成年

ofanage(岁数)同年

onfire着火

onthefire在考虑中

onoccasion不时地;必要时

ontheoccasion在那时

outofquestion毫无疑问

outofthequestion不可能

todeath十分

tothedeath到最后

fiveofus我们中的五人(部分)

thefiveofus我们五个人(全部)

ayellowandwhitecat一只黄白相间的猫

ayellowandawhitecat一只黄猫和一只白猫

inafaimlyway象一家人一样

inthefamilyway怀孕

dieofcold冻死

dieofacold感冒而死

havewordswith与...争吵

haveawordwith与...略谈

keephouse管理家务

keepthehouse守在家里

takerest就寝

takeareat休息一下

takeplace发生

taketheplaceof代替

inangry=angrily

indespair=desparingly

inadmiration=admiringly

incommon=commonly

infact=acrually

infear=fearfully

infairness=fairly

infun=funnily

ingrief=grievously

injoke=jokingly

inline=lineally

inmercy=mercifully

inpublic=publicly

insilence=silently

inspite=spitefully

insorrow=sorrily/sorrowfully

insurprise=surprisedly

withasmile=smilingly

withsatisfaction=satisfactorily

withattention=attentively

withcare=carefully

withcourage=courageously

withdifficult=difficultly

withemphasis=emphatically

withfascination=fascinatingly

withgrace=gracefully

withjoy=joyfully

withpride=proudly

withpleasure=pleasantly

withwarmth=warmly

outofbreath=breathlessly

不同的名词,对这两种后置定语的选择是有区别的,有的只能用todo,有的只可用ofdoing,有的两种都可以.现分述如下:

⑴will,willingness,suggestion,conclusion,decision,permission,agreement,refusal,determination,proposal,resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定语.

如:

Maryhasthewilltowinthefirstprize.(不用ofwinning)

玛丽有获得一等奖的决心.

Hehasdrawnaconclusiontogoabroadwithhisfamily.(不用ofwinning)

他已作出了携家去国外的决定.

⑵hope,risk,possibility,impossibility,probability,intention,prospect,responsiblility,aim等,一般只能用ofdoing作后置定语.

如:

Infact,tereisnohopeoftheirwinningthegame.

事实上,他们没有希望赢得这场比赛.(不能说forthemtowin)

Hewillruntheriskoflosinghislifetosavethechild.

他将冒生命危险去救那个孩子.

⑶way,chance,need,necessity,right,freedom,power,opportunity,ability等,既可用不定式短语,又可用ofdoing短语作后置定语.

如:

Theirchancetogo(ofging)abroadwaslost.

他们失去了出国的机会.

Hehastherighttodo(ofdoing)that.

他有权那样做.

不同的名词,对这两种后置定语的选择是有区别的,有的只能用todo,有的只可用ofdoing,有的两种都可以.现分述如下:

⑴will,willingness,suggestion,conclusion,decision,permission,agreement,refusal,determination,proposal,resolution等,一般用不定式作后置定语.

如:

Maryhasthewilltowinthefirstprize.(不用ofwinning)

玛丽有获得一等奖的决心.

Hehasdrawnaconclusiontogoabroadwithhisfamily.(不用ofwinning)

他已作出了携家去国外的决定.

⑵hope,risk,possibility,impossibility,probability,intention,prospect,responsiblility,aim等,一般只能用ofdoing作后置定语.

如:

Infact,tereisnohopeoftheirwinningthegame.

事实上,他们没有希望赢得这场比赛.(不能说forthemtowin)

Hewillruntheriskoflosinghislifetosavethechild.

他将冒生命危险去救那个孩子.

⑶way,chance,need,necessity,right,freedom,power,opportunity,ability等,既可用不定式短语,又可用ofdoing短语作后置定语.

如:

Theirchancetogo(ofging)abroadwaslost.

他们失去了出国的机会.

Hehastherighttodo(ofdoing)that.

他有权那样做.

虚拟语气的重点是:

1.一些常见的虚拟语气的句型或结构。

2.虚拟语气的特殊形式,即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式。

3.主从句表示不同的时间概念、事实或假设情况,从而交错成为复合虚拟语气。

4.含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气的表示愿望的虚拟形式。

上述四个要点往往在完形填空或者阅读理解里面存在,尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考这方面的知识的题目,而在阅读理解里,我们掌握上述四个重点对于我们理解文章的大意和作者态度很有帮助,了解哪些观点是作者假设的、虚拟的,哪些是真实的,这样对于我们回答关于作者态度观点题很有帮助。

下面我们将主要从上述四个方面来重点论述在考试中应该注意的问题。

一、虚拟语气的常见类型和句型

(1)由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气

A.用wish表示对现在的愿望时,它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为:过去式(be动词用were)。

B.用wish表示对将来的愿望时,它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为:would,could,might+动词原形。

C.wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时,宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为:had+动词过去分词或could,would+have+动词过去分词。

Thepictureexhibitionboredmetodeath;IwishIhadnotgonetoit.

---“IletJoeborrowourradiofortheafternoon.”

---“That’sallright,butIwishhewouldbuyoneofhisown.”

Iwishthatheweren’tsolazy.

(2)hadhoped引起的宾语从句中备用语动词形式为would+动词原形,表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。

Hisfatherhadhopedthathissonwouldgotobusinesswithhim,buthissonbecameanartistlater.

(3)would(had)rather,wouldassoon,wouldsooner和wouldprefer所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况,用过去完成时表示过去的情况,表示希望或婉转的责备。例如:

I’dratheryoupostedtheletterrightaway.我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。

Iwouldpreferhedidn’tstaytheretoolong.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。

Iwouldjustassoonyouhadreturnedthebookyesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。

(4)It’s(high,about)timethat句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式,即动词要用过去式。

It’stimethatsomethingwasdoneaboutthetrafficproblemdowntown.

Itishightimethatweputanendtothisdiscussion.现在是我们该结束讲座的时候了。

(5)as,或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形,引导让步虚拟从句,这种用法通常采用倒装结构:

Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,betheyChristian,Islamivc,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.

Thebusinessofeachday,beitsellinggoodsorshippingthem,wentquitesmoothly.

(6)由连接词incase,sothat,unless,lest,forfearthat引起的状语从句中,谓语动词要用虚拟形式,即should(might,would)+动词原形,例如:

Sheputablanketoverthebabyforfearthatheshouldcatchcold.她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。

Thebadmanwasputinthesoft-paddedcelllestheinjurehimself.

(7)ifitwerenotfor…与现在事实相反,ifithadnotbeenfor与过去事实相反,两个都相当于butfor:

Ifithadnotbeenforhishelp(=butforhishelp),wewouldnothavesucceeded.

(8)虚拟语气用于asif(though)引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中,其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。例如:Sheoftenlaughsspontaneously,andhergoodhumorbreaksoutasbrightlyasifitwereapartofthesunshineabove.她常常发出发自内心的微笑,而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样,常常流露出来。

Theytalkedasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.他们交谈着,就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。

Shelooksasifshewouldcry.她看起来好像要哭了。

(9)其它各种句型,asthough,suppose,hadrather,supposing,ifonly等等

IfIwereinamovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatIburiedmyheadinmyhandsforacry.

二、特殊形式的虚拟语气

虚拟语气的特殊形式,即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式,其虚拟语气的构成往往是由should(可省略)+动词原形that从句。

A、用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中,这类动词有:

ask要求advise建议arrange安排beg请求

command命令decide决定demand要求desire渴望

determine决定insist坚持intend打算maintain坚持主张

move建议,动员propose提议object反对order命令

prefer建议require需要request要求resolve下决心

recommend推荐suggest建议stipulate约定,规定urge强调,促进

vote公认,提议decree颁布(法令)pray请求

注意:这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外,也可以接doing或者todo…来表达,一般情况下,意思没有什么差别。

Sheadvisedthatweshouldkeepthegatelocked.(书面体)

Sheadvisedustokeepthegatelocked.(口语)

Sheadvisedkeepingthegatelocked.(较随便)

B、用于Itis+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中,这类形容词或分词有:

advisable合理的decided决定的crucial关键的appropriate恰当的

determined决定的commanded命令的arranged安排的essential紧要的,基本的

complied遵照anxious焦急的imperative迫切的important重要的

desirable合意的better较好的,更好insistent坚持的desired想要

asked请求keen渴望的incredible难以置信的adamant坚定不移的

natural自然的insisted坚持necessary必要的suggested建议

urgent紧迫的ordered命令shocked震惊的vital极其重要的

possible可能的strange奇怪的preferable(好一点)proposed提议

requested要求的required要求的recommended推荐resolved决定的

probable(可能的)pity可惜,憾事shame遗憾

注意:这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外,也可以for…todo…

来表达,一般情况下,意思没有什么差别。

Itisessentialthatheshouldbepreparedforthis.

Itisessentialforhimtobepreparedforthis.

C.用于由表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中,这类名词常见的有:

advice忠告decision决定demand要求desire要求、愿望

insistence坚持motion提议necessity必要性order命令

preference偏爱proposal提议pray恳求recommendation推荐

request要求requirement要求resolution决心suggestion劝告、忠告

例如:

Thisistheirresolutionthatextra-curriculumactivitiesbemadepartoftheirschoollife.这是他们的决议:要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。

Themotionthattheremarkofthelastspeakerbeexpungedfromtherecord.该提议要求把最后一个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。

三、混合虚拟语气

有时主句和从句的谓语动词指不同的时间,这时需要用混合虚拟语气。一般来说,在这种情况下,主从句谓语动词指代的时间不同,所以我们又可以错综时间条件句,在这种虚拟情况,动词形式应根据实际情况灵活使用,在做这些题目时候尤其要注意每道题目的提示语:时间状语。绝大多数情况下,从句或者主句都有相关的时间状语,这是我解题的关键。

Ifyouthatlatemovielastnight,youwouldn’tbesosleepy.

A.haven’twatchedB.didn’twatch

C.hadn’twatchedD.wouldn’thavewatched答案选C。

Manydeadwouldnowbealiveiftheyhavenotattemptedtoreturnforsomething.

HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.

混合虚拟语气还有一种情况就是事实和虚拟假设的混合句,这样的句子不仅仅是时间的不同,而重要是事实和假设的混合。

Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.

该句前半部分是假设虚拟,而后半部分是事实的陈述。

Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.

该句前半句用的是假设虚拟,后半句主句也用的是假设虚拟(如果你去并且解释的话),但是后半句的从句用的是事实语气,因为“父母病了”是客观事实,故不需要用虚拟形式hadbeen。

四、含蓄虚拟条件句

含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句,而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有:

(1)介词或介词短语,如butfor,butthat,without,incaseof,undermorefavorablecondition等。

theleadershipoftheparty,wecouldnotbelivingahappytoday.=Iftherehadn’tbeentheleadershipoftheparty,wecouldnotbelivingahappytoday.

A.InspiteofB.ButforC.BecauseofD.Asfor答案选B。

Butthatshewasafraid,shewouldhavesaidno.

(2)连词,如:sothat,unless,incase,supposing,lest,provided(倘若……),forfearthat(唯恐),inorderthat,onconditionthat,ifonly(要是……就好了)等。

Shelistenedcarefullyinorderthatshemightdiscoverexactlywhathewanted.=ifshelistenedcarefully,shemightdiscoverexactlywhathewanted.

IfonlyIhadmoremoney,Icouldbuyacar.

(注:lest,forfearthat和incase引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形,但可以不用虚拟语气,而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如:

Theforeignteacherspokeslowlyincasewemisunderstoodhim.这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。

Caremustbetakeninusingthismethodlestoverflowshouldoccur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎,以免会发生溢流现象。

(3)通过上下文及内在含义,句中往往有but,otherwise,unfortunately等类似转折词。

Ithoughtthechildrenwhenwereturnedhome,buttheywerestillawake.

A.weresleepingB.wouldbesleepingC.hadbeensleepingD.wouldsleep选择B。

(4)形容词及其比较级

Amorecarefulpersonwouldnothavemadesomanymistakes.

Alessconscientiousmanwouldn’thavetriedsohardtogetthisjobdone.

(5)分词短语

Havingknownintime,wemighthavepreventedtheaccident.

Borntendaysearlier,theboycouldhaveseenhislatefather.

(6)动词不定式短语。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成式或hadintended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虚拟。

IintendedIshouldcallonyou,butIwasbusyatthattime.

TohearhimspeakFrench,youwouldtakehimforanEnglishman.

Shewouldbestupidnottoaccepthisinvitation.

Itwouldbeeasiertodoitthisway.

(7)名词短语和名词+and结构

Ajudiciousmanwouldnothavecommittedsuicide.

Adiligentstudentwouldhaveworkedharder.

(8)独立主格结构

Allthingsconsidered,thepricewouldbereasonable.

(9)定语从句

Anyonewhohadbeeninyourpositionwouldhavedonethesame.

Anation,whichstoppedworking,wouldbedeadinafortnight.

(10)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气:

Ishouldhavecalledtomakeanairlinereservation,butIdidn’t.

Theporteroughttohavecalledthefire-brigadeassoonashesawthefireinthestock,whichwentupinsmoke.

(11)动词原形表示虚拟

动词原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一种虚拟,最常见于正式文体中,动词原形一般用在条件从句中,有时倒装置于句首,同时这种用法也常见于独立句中表达愿望。

Godblessyou!

Allmagnetsbehavethesame,betheylargeorsmall.

She’llbesixteenyearsodd,comMay.(comeMay=whenMaycome).

Ifthatbeso,weshalltakeactionatonce.

强化训练:虚拟语气

1.Wereitnotforthesnowyweather,weallright.

A.wouldbeB.wouldhavebeenC.wereD.maybe

2.morecareful,hisshipwouldnothavesunk.

A.IfthecaptainwereB.Hadthecaptainbeen

C.ShouldthecaptainbeD.Ifthecaptainwouldhavebeen

3.Ifhemetomorrow,Iwouldlethimknow.

A.shouldcallB.shouldnothavebeenable

C.werenotableD.arenotable

4.Ifyouaskedyourfatheryoupermission.

A.maygetB.mightgetC.shouldhavecalledD.maybeget

5.today,hewouldgettherebyFriday.

A.WouldheleaveB.WasheleavingC.WerehetoleaveD.Ifheleaves

6.______Iyou,Iwouldgowithhimtotheparty.

A.WasB.HadbeenC.WillbeD.Were

7.Themillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,______allpracticalvaluebythetimetheywerefinished.

A.couldloseB.wouldhavelostC.mightloseD.oughttohavelost

8.HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,heourchairmannow.

A.musthavebeenB.wouldhavebeenC.wereD.wouldbe

9.IfyouJerryBrownuntilrecently,you’dthinkthephotographontherightwasstrange.

A.shouldn’tcontactB.didn’tcontactC.weren’ttocontactD.hadn’tcontacted

10.heEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday

A.InspiteofB.ButforC.BecauseofD.Asfor

11.LookattheterriblesituationIamin!IfonlyIyouradvice

A.followB.wouldfollowC.hadfollowedD.havefollowed

12.HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,heourchairmannow.

A.musthavebeenB.wouldhavebeenC.wereD.hadn’tcontacted

13.Ifthehorsewontoday,itthirtyracesinfiveyears.

A.wouldhavewonB.wonC.musthavewonD.didhavewon

14.Thereisarealpossibilitythattheseanimalscouldbefrightened,_______asuddenloudnoise.

A.beingthereB.shouldtherebeC.therewasD.therehavingbeen

15.Theboarddeemediturgentthatthesefilesrightaway.

A.hadtobeprintedB.shouldhavebeenprinted

C.mustbeprintedD.shouldbeprinted

16.JeanWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishis

insistencethatitinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.

A.istobeanalyzedB.hasbeenanalyzed

C.beanalyzedD.shouldhavebeenanalyzed

17.Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butI______

fullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.

A.wereB.hadbeenC.havebeenD.was

18.IapologizeifIyou,butIassureyouitwasunintentional.m.jAb88.coM

A.offendB.hadoffendedC.shouldhaveoffendedD.mighthaveoffended

19.Ifyouhadn’ttakensuchalongtimetogetdressed,we’dtherebynow.

A.beB.circlesC.iscirclingD.becircling

20.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest,soitseemsasifthesun________roundtheearth.

A.werecirclingB.circlesC.iscirclingD.becircling

21.IwishthatI______withyoulastnight.

A.wentB.havegoneC.couldgoD.couldhavegone

22.IwishIwithher.

A.wouldbeB.amC.wasD.were

23.IwishthatItheconcertlastnight.

A.couldB.haveattendedC.couldhaveattendedD.attended

24.Thepictureexhibitionboredmetodeath.IwishItoit.

A.hadnotgoneB.havenotgoneC.didnotgoD.cannothavegone

25.“Iwishyoumetoputthesethingsaway,”hesaid.

A.willhelpB.helpC.arehelpingD.wouldhelp

26.IftheWatergateIncidentNixonwouldnothaveresignedfromthepresidency.

A.didnotoccurB.hadnotoccurredC.wasnotoccurringD.becircling

27.Ihadn’texpectedJamestoapologizebutIhadhoped.

A.himcallingmeB.thathewouldcallmeC.himtocallmeD.thathecallme

28.Georgewouldcertainlyhaveattendedtheproceedings.

A.ifhedidn’tgetaflattireB.iftheflattirehadn’thappened

C.hadhenothadaflattireD.hadthetirenotflatteneditself

29.TheteachersuggestedthatherstudentsexperienceswithESP.

A.writeacompositionontheirB.towritecompositionaboutthe

C.wrotesomecompositionsofhisorherD.hadwrittenanycompositionsforhis

30.HespeaksChineseasfluentlyasifhe______aChinese.

A.wereB.hadbeenC.isD.hasbeen

31.Asusual,heputonashowasthoughhistripagreatsuccess.

A.hadbeenB.hasbeenC.wereD.was

32.Lookingroundthetown,hefeltasthoughheawayforages.

A.hasbeenB.wasC.isD.hadbeen

33.Johnissostronglybuiltthathelooksasifheaselephant.

A.liftsB.isliftingC.liftedD.couldlift

34.Hedescribedthetownasifheithimself.

A.hadseenB.hasseenC.sawD.sees

35.Atthatthoughtheshookhimself,asthoughhefromanevildream.

A.wokeB.wakesC.wouldwakeD.hadwoke

36.Mostinsuranceagentswouldratheryouanythingaboutcollectingclaimsuntil

theyinvestigatethesituation.

A.doB.don’tC.didn’tD.didn’tdo

37.Althoughmostadoptedpersonswanttherighttoknowwhotheirnaturalparentsare,somewhohavefoundthemwishthattheytheexperienceofmeeting.

A.hadn’tB.didn’thavehadC.hadn’thadD.hadn’thave

38.ItisimportantthattheTOEFLofficeyourregistration.

A.willconfirmB.confirmC.confirmsD.mustconfirm

39.Withoutelectroniccomputers,muchoftoday’sadvancedtechnology.

A.willnothavebeenachievedB.havenotbeenachieved

C.wouldnothavebeenachievedD.hadnotbeenachieved

40.Hetoldhertoreturnthebookintimesothatothersachancetoreadit.

A.mayhaveB.willhaveC.wouldhaveD.mighthave

41.Itistimethatthegovernmentmeasurestoprotecttherarebirdsandanimals.

A.takesB.tookC.hastakenD.taking

42.Somepeoplearetooparticularaboutschoolrecords,insistingthateveryapplicant______alldiplomasfromelementaryschooltouniversity.

A.hasB.willhaveC.shouldhaveD.musthave

43.Hewasverybusyyesterday,otherwisehetothemeeting.

A.wouldcomeB.cameC.wouldhavecomeD.hadcome

44.Imustsayhereadsverywell,andIshouldn’tbesurprisedifheactingforalivingoneday.

A.hadtakenupB.takesupC.havetakenupD.wouldhavetakenup

45.IfIhadseenthemovie,Iyouallaboutitnow.

A.wouldtellB.willtellC.havetoldD.wouldhavetold

46.Ihadn’texpectedHenrytoapologizebutIhadhoped.

A.himtcallmeupB.himcallingmeup

C.thathewouldcallmeupD.thathewillcallme

47.IhadhopedthatJohn______ayearinAfrica,buthestayedthereonlyforthreemonths.

A.spendsB.spentC.wouldspendD.willspend

48.IhadhopedthatJenniferadoctor,butshewasn’tgoodenoughatscience.

A.willbecomeB.becameC.wouldbecomeD.becomes

49.I’dratheryouanythingaboutitforthetimebeing.

A.doB.didn’tdoC.don’tD.didn’t

50.I’djustassoon_______rudelytoher.

A.thatyouwon’tspeakB.younotspeaking

C.younotspeakD.youdidn’tspeak

51.It’shightimetheythisroad.

A.mendB.mendedC.musthavemendedD.willmend

52.It’sabouttimepeople______noticeofwhatwomendidduringthewar.

A.takeB.tookC.havetakenD.willtake

53.Everybodyhasarrived.It’stimewetheclass.

A.shallstartB.wouldstartC.hadstartedD.start

54.theEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday.

A.InspiteofB.ButforC.BecauseofD.Asfor

55.Marymyletter;otherwiseshewouldhaverepliedbeforenow.

A.hasreceivedB.oughttohavereceived

C.couldn’thavereceivedD.shouldn’thavereceived

56.Johndidnotfeelwellyesterday;otherwisehe_______toseehisclassmatesoff.

A.cameB.wouldcomeC.wouldhavecomeD.shouldbecoming

57.He’sworkinghardforfearthathe.

A.shouldfallbehindB.fellbehindC.mayfallbehindD.wouldfallbehind

58.Withoutthedreamsoftheyouth,thisinventionmightforacentury.

A.havebeenpostponedB.hasbeenpostponed

C.postponeD.bepostponed

59.Inthepastmengenerallypreferredthattheirwives______inthehome.

A.workedB.wouldworkC.workD.wereworking

60.Forachildtogiveuphislessmatureideaforamorematureone,itrequiresthatthechild

psychologicallyreadyforthenewidea.

A.isB.wereC.beD.wouldbe

61.Tom’sfather,aswellashismother,inNewYorkforafewdaysmore.

A.askhimtostayB.askhetostayC.askshestaysD.askshestay

62.Youradvicethat______tillnextweekisreasonable.

A.shewaitsB.shewaitC.waitsheD.shewaited

63.Theboarddeemediturgentthatthesefilesrightaway.

A.hadtobeprintedB.shouldhavebeenprinted

C.mustbeprintedD.shouldbeprinted

64.Itwasessentialthatweleasebeforetheendofthemonth.

A.singB.singedC.hadsignedD.weresigning

65.Itisappropriatethatsometime______thoroughstudyoftheresultsoftheApollomission.

A.devotestoB.devotedtoC.isdevotedtoD.bedevotedto

相关阅读

中考英语语法精讲例析动词


中考英语语法精讲例析动词
(一)知识概要
?动词在语言中是必不可少的一部分。它的语法现象也较多,但在初中范围主要有以下几方面问题。①时态:初中范围主要有一般现在时,一般过去时,现在完成时,过去完成时,将来时与过去将来时六种时态。②语态:主动语态与被动语态。③助动词和情态动词。④非谓语动词,也就是不定式,动名词及现在分词的用法。?时态主要掌握以下几种时态的应用要点和习惯用法。
?1?一般现在时:主要有以下三方面,①用来表示状态,特征或不受时间限制的客观存在和真理。如:Matterexistsinthreestates物质有三态。又如:Theearthmovesaroundthesun??②表?示习惯性和经常发生的动作,如:Ioftengotobedat9∶30?③在时间、条件等状语从句中表示将来要发生的动作,如:AssoonasIgetthereIlltelephoneyou.
?2?一般过去时:① 主要用于表达过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状态,如:Iwasilllastweek?②过去经常发生的动作或习惯性动作,如:Iusedtogetupatsix.
?3?一般将来时:用于表示将要发生的动作,其构成方式①用will(shall)+动词原形来表达将来在某一时间内要发生,或经常、将要发生的动作或状态,如:SchoolwillbeginonSepember1st?②用begoingto+动词原形,用来表示不久将要发生或打算去作的动作。如:?Im?goingtoswimthisafternoon?③be+现在分词,也就是用某些动词的现在进行时表示将来,如:?Im?coming。这些动词只限于:go,come,leave,start,move,sail,arrive,reach,getto等动词。④在状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
?4?现在进行时:用于表示现在正在进行的动作,如:Whatareyoudoingnow?要注意的是表示状态,情感的某些词没有现在进行时,这些动词有:like,have(有),love,know,understand,remember,forget,see,hear,smell,taste,feel,wishhope,expect…
?5?过去将来时:用来表达从过去某时间点上看将要发生的动作,如:Hetoldmehewouldcometomyparty?
?6?现在完成时与过去完成时:现在完成时的两个用处是:① 用来表达在过去开始的动作持续到现在,如:IvestudiedEnglishfortwoyears?②用来表达过去发生的事但它影响到现在,如:Ihaventhadmybreakfast.soImhungrynow?现在完成时与过去完成时的区别在于动作的截止时间,现在完成时所表达的动作截止于现在,而过去完成时所表达的动作截止于过去。如:Ihaventseenmyoldteacherforalongtime?我好久未见到我过去的老师了。是指到目前截止。如果加上一句话,则将变为过去完成时,如:YesterdayIsawmyoldteacher.Ihadntseenhimforalongtime.因为我好久未见他这一情况截止于昨天。还要注意的一个问题是截止性动词可以有完成时,但不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,如:WhenIgottoschool,theclasshadbegun?如果一定要讲开始几分钟了则要换用表示状态,或延续性动词,如:WhenIgottoschool,theclasshadbeenonforfiveminutes??语态:英语中只有主动语态与被动语态之分。主动语态,句子中的主语是动作的执行者,如:Ibrokethewindow?而被动语态句子中的主语是主动语态句子中的宾语,如:Thewindowwasbrokenbyme?被动语态主要用于,动作的执行者不明确,或没有必要说出来,如:TheNewbuildingwasbuiltlastweek?关键要注意的是在主动语态中有省略不定式符号to的动词,在被动语态要还原,如:主动语态Isawhimcomein.?被动语态Hewasseentocomein.?助动词和情态动词:助动词本身没有词义,它只不过与实义动词一起构成谓语动词,形成了时态、语态、构成了疑问句,否定句,以及用来加强语气。而情态动词则表达一种可能、必要、允许、愿望、猜测……的意图、倾向。也用来表示语气的委婉和祝愿。初中阶段主要有:can,could,may,might,will,would,must(haveto),shall,should。?最后要谈论的是非谓语动词,非谓语动词分为不定式,和动词的ing形式,(即现在分词和动名词)。虽然在初中范围,这一项不是语法重点,但还是要花一定时间去学习,为的是打下良好的基础。为进一步学习提供良好的条件。不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语。如:Toseeistobelieve.(百闻不如一见)Hewanttoseeafilm?还可以作补足语,如:Hewantsmetoleave.也可以作状语,如:IcomeheretolearnEnglish.?动名词也可以起到上述作用,如:Seeingisbelieving.Ilikeswimmingverymuch.而现在分词多用于作定语、补足语、状语,如:Thegirldrivingacarishersister.(定语)Didyounoticehishandshaking?(宾语补足语)
Hearingthenoise,westoppedtalking.(状语)
(二)正误辨析
?[误]Shelaiddownandsoonfellasleep.
?[正]Shelaydownandsoonfellasleep.
?[析]考试中常出现的是易混动词lay放,lie躺,lie说谎。它们的过去时、过去分词和现在分词变化如下:
?lay(放)laid,laid,laying(及物动词)
?lie(躺)lay,lain,lying(不及物动词)
?lie(说谎)lied,lied,lying
?[误]Pleaseriseyourhand.
?[正]Pleaseraiseyourhand.
?[析]rise是不及物动词,其后不能接宾语,如:Thesunrisesintheeast.而raise是及物动词。
?[误]Iliketoswimverymuch,butIdontlikeswimmingthisafternoon.
?[正]Ilikeswimmingverymuch,butIdontliketoswimthisafternoon.
?[析]like作为"喜欢"讲时,可以接动名词也可以接不定式,但接动名词时多表达一种习惯性动作。而接不定式则侧重于表达一次性、特殊性的动作。?但要注意的是like与would连用时则一定要接不定式,如:Wouldyouliketogowithme??再有一点要注意的是,like作为介词"像"讲时,只能用分词作其宾语。
?[误]Stop!Didyoulistentoastrangevoice?
?[正]Stop!Didyouhearastrangevoice?
?[析]hear的侧重点是听到、听见什么,而listento的侧重点为听的倾向,如:listen!Doyouhearsomeonecallinghelp?这样的词还有look与see。它们的侧重点也不同,look重于"看"的倾向,而see重于看见没看见。
?[误]Didyouwatchsomefilmrecently?
?[正]Didyouseesomefilmrecently?
?[析]英语中see与watch各有不同的用处,see用于看电影、剧目,而watch用作看电视和看球赛。
?[误]Look.Abeautifullamphangedfromtheceiling.
?[正]Look.Abeautifullamphungfromtheceiling.
?[析]hang有两个含义,①"挂",它的过去时与过去分词是hung,hung;②"绞刑",这时它是规则动词,其过去式与过去分词则为hanged,hanged。
?[误]HowlongcanIborrowthisbook?
?[正]HowlongcanIkeepthisbook?
?[析]"借"在英文中有三个词,①借入,即borrow,如:MayIborrowsomebooksfromthelibrary?②借出,如:Icanlendmybiketoyou.③借多久要用keep,因为borrow与lend都是截止性动词,而keep是延续性动词。如HowlongcanIkeepit?
?[误]Wehavewonyourclass.
?[正]Wehavebeatenyourclass.
?[析]win是及物动词,其后面的宾语应是比赛、战争、奖品、奖金。而beat的宾语,应是人、队、班级等等,如:Wewonthegame.
?[误]Ileftmykey.
?[正]Iforgotmykey.
?[正]Ileftmykeyathome.
?[析]leave是"丢下",其后一定要接地点状语,而forget其后不要接地点状语。
?[误]Oh!Itsrainingoutside.Pleasebringtheraincoatwithyou.
?[正]Oh!Itsrainingoutside.Pleasetakethisraincoatwithyou.
?[析]bring为"带来"如:Nexttimebringyourlittlesisterhere.而take为"带走",fetch为"去某处取什么回来",如:Pleasefetchsomecoffeeforus??要熟记的是在初中课文中与take有关的词组,如:?takeaway拿走takeback收回takedown取下?takeoff脱下take…out拿出takeplace发生?takeholdof拿住takepartin参加takeaseat坐下?takeonesplace替代takealook看看takeonesturn轮流?takeamessage捎信takecareof照看takeiteasy别着急?takeonestime慢慢来takeonestemperature测量体温
?[误]Thepolicemanreachedhisgun.
?[正]Thepolicemanreachedforhisgun.
?[析]reach作"到达"讲时是及物动词,如:Ireachedthehotelat8∶30?但作"伸手去拿",则要用reachforsomething。作为"到达"讲时还有arrive(in+大地方)(at+较小的地方)和getto.要注意的是与get有关的词组有:?getback回来getin收割getinto进入getoff下车?geton上车getout出去getup起床getto到达?getreadyfor=bereadyfor?getonwellwith与人相处融洽?get加比较级为变得如何,例如:?getcolderandcolder.
?[误]Thisdictionaryspentmefivedollars.
?[正]Thisdictionarycostmefivedollars.
?[析]英文中的"花费"有4个spend,cost,take和pay,其中spend与pay所在句中的主语应为人,如:Ispenttwohoursindoingmyhomework.Ipaidfivedallarsforthebook.而cost与take的主语则是事物,如:Ittakesmetwoyearstofinishthisbook.
?[误]InsummerIalwayssleepwiththewindowsopened.
?[正]InsummerIalwayssleepwiththewindowsopen.
?[正]Ialwayssleepwiththewindowsclosed.
?[析]要注意open是动词也是形容词,而close则要用其过去分词作形容词。?
[误]Pleasewaitaminute.Imhavingonmyclothes.
?[正]Pleasewaitaminute.Imputtingonmyclothes.
?[析]英语中的穿衣服要分状态,是什么样的穿着打扮,还是穿衣服的动作两类动词。表示穿着状态的词有haveon,wear,在用法上haveon不宜用进行时态,它多用一般时态,如:Shehasonanewschooldress.而wear则多用进行时来表示状态,如:Sheiswearinganewsweater.在表示动作的词中puton是常用的一词。dress用作动词当"穿衣"讲时其后宾语不应接衣物,而要接人,如:Mychildrenwereveryyoungtheycouldntdressthemselves.在表示穿着状态时用其过去分词当形容词,如:Heisdressedinwhite.
?[误]Mycomputercantbegin.Couldyoufindsomeonetohelpme?
?[正]Mycomputercantstart.Couldyoufindsomeonetohelpme?
?[析]begin与start均可指"开始",而且常常可以互换,如:Schoolbegins(starts)at8a.m.但是在两种情况下不宜用begin而要用start,①当作机器开动、发动讲,如:Mycarcantstart.Theremustbesomethingwrongwithit.②作为"旅途开始"讲,如:Weshouldhavetostartearly.Therewasalotoftrafficontheroad.
?[误]ImverygladbecauseIhavefoundedmylostkey.
?[正]ImverygladbecauseIhavefoundmylostkey.
?[析]find是不规则动词,它的过去式和过去分词是found,found,而found又是另外一词"建立",它是规则动词,其过去式与过去分词是foundedfounded,如:ThePeoplesRepublicofChinawasfoundedin1949.
?[误]Please.LetsspeakinEnglish.
?[正]Please.LetsspeakEnglish.
?[正]Please.LetstalkinEnglish.
?[误]CanyouspeakitEnglish?
?[正]CanyousayitinEnglish?
?[析]英文中"说"有4个常用词say,tell,speak,talk.其中不及物动词有speak和talk,如:Iwanttotalkwithyou.Wearetalkingaboutthenewfilm.而speak其后接语言时是及物动词,其他情况是不及物动词。say与tell是及物动词,其中tell常用双宾语,如:Tellusastory.但用于讲实话或谎话时也用单宾语。如:Tellthetruth.
?[误]CanyousayJapanesefromChinese?
?[正]CanyoutellJapanesefromChinese?
?[析]tell…from为固定词组,即分辨两者的不同。
?[误]Excuseme,didIsteponyourfoot?
?[正]Oh,sorry,didIsteponyourfoot?
?[析]excuseme用于未打扰对方前,以提醒对方注意的用语,而sorry则是由于自己已做的事向对方道歉。
?[误]Wouldyoucarefortoswimwithus?
?[正]Wouldyoucaretoswimwithus?
?[析]carefor后接不定式时,要省略for,或换用名词,如:Wouldyoucareforacupoftea.carefor作"照顾"讲时与lookafter相同。在初中阶段学习与for有关的词组有:
?askfor请求callfor接人,请人carefor关心?
goinfor从事answerfor负责lookfor寻找
?waitfor等待sendfor请人payfor付款?
searchfor寻找leavefor去某地preparefor准备?
thanksomebodyforsomething为某事向某人道谢。
?[误]Areyouunderstandingit?Yes,Igottoit.
?[正]Doyouunderstandit?Yes,Igotit.
?[析]understand这一词没有进行时态,如同感观动词love、hate…Igotit是美语,即Iunderstoodit。要记住get作为"到达"讲时是不及物动词,如:Illgettotheschoolat8a.m.?初中范围常用与to有关的动词词组如下:?belongto属于cometo苏醒pointto(at)指着?getto到达referto谈到stickto坚持?leadto导致turnto翻到lookforwardto期望?agreeto同意
?[误]Themeathasgonebadly.
?[正]Themeathasgonebad.
?[析]英语中go,get,become,turn作为转变时,其后接形容词,这时这些动词应被看作系动词。
?[误]Theteachersaidtheearthmovedaroundthesun.
?[正]Theteachersaidtheearthmovesaroundthesun.
?[析]如果主句的谓语动词是现在时,其宾语从句可以是任何时态。如果是过去时,则宾语从句中的时态应与之呼应。但地球围绕太阳转是不随时间而变化的客观事实,所以还应用一般现在时态来表达。
?[误]IllcometoseeyouassoonasIllbeback.
?[正]IllcometoseeyouassoonasIamback.
?[析]在状语从句中要用一般时来表示将来,如:Ishouldtellhimwhenhecameback.
?[误]Iwanttoknowwhetheryoucometomypartytomorrowornot.
?[正]Iwanttoknowwhetheryouwillcometomypartytomorrowornot.
?[析]在宾语从句中则要用将来时表示将来的动作。要注意的是如果宾语从句中仍有状语从句时,依然要用一般现在时表示将来,如:Iwanttoknowifitrainstomorrowyoullcomehereornot.
?[误]Whatdidyoudoateightlastnight?
?[正]Whatwereyoudoingateightlastnight?
?[析]在描述过去某一具体时刻的动作或从某时到某时一段时间内正在进行的动作要用过去进行时,如:IwaswashingclothesfromeighttillnoonlastSunday?
?[误]Myclassmatescametoseeafilmyesterday.Ididntgowiththem,becauseIhaveseenitbefore.
?[正]Myclassmatescametoseeafilmyesterday.IdidntgowiththembecauseIhadseenitbefore.
?[析]现在完成时与过去完成时的相同之处是其动作均开始于过去的某一点,它的差别在于该动作是截止到什么时候。如动作截止到现在用现在完成时;如动作截止到过去,用过去完成时。例如:IvelearntEnglishforthreeyears.(到现在为止)又如:BeforeIwenttocollege,IhadlearntEnglishforthreeyears.(动作截止到上大学那时,即截止于过去)
?[误]Imfeelingwellnow.
?[正]Ifeelwellnow.
?[析]瞬间动词有些无进行时态,它们是:?表示思维状态的词:believe,feel,forget,imagine,know,mean,need,prefer,remember,understand,want?表示感情的动词:care,like,dolike,love,mind,hate,fear?表示状态的词:belong,own?感观动词:feel,hear,see,smell,taste
?[误]Whenhaveyoudonethiswork?
?[正]Whendidyoudothiswork?
?[析]when提问的是一个时间点不可用于完成时态的问句中。
?[误]ThisisournewEnglishteacher.Hehasgonetomanyforeigncountries.
?[正]ThisisournewEnglishteacher.Hehasbeentomanyforeigncountries.
?[析]havegoneto是到某地去了,此人现在不在这里。havebeento是到过某地,现在此人在说话现场。
?[误]Ihaveborrowedthisbookfortwoweeks.
?[正]Ihavekeptthisbookfortwoweeks.
?[析]截止性动词有完成时态,但不可和与表达一段时间的时间状语连用。如:WhenIgottothecinemathefilmhadbegun.?但要讲WhenIgottothecinemathefilmhadbeonforfiveminutes这样的用法还有buy,join,die,如:Iboughtthisbookyesterday.我昨天买的这本书。?Ihavehadthisbookfortwodays.这本书我已买了两天了。
?Ijoinedtheclubtwoyearsago.两年前我加入了这个俱乐部。
?Ihavebeeninthisclubfortwoyears.我加入这个俱乐部已两年了。
?Myfatherdiedfiveyearsago.我父亲是5年前去世的。
?Myfatherhasbeendeadforfiveyears.我父亲已去世5年了。
?[误]Haveyouunderstoodthelessons?
?[正]Doyouunderstandthelessons?
?[析]有些动词不易用完成时态,它们是understand,think,believe,know(知道)
?[误]ItwassaidthattheSecondWorldWarhadbrokenoutin1939.
?[误]ItwassaidthattheSecondWorldWarwasbrokenoutin1939.
?[析]在讲述过去的历史事件时,总要用过去时而不要用完成时,而且happen,breakout,takeplace作为发生讲时均没有被动语态。
?[误]WhenIwalkedalongthestreet.Ihappenedtomeetanoldfriend.
?[正]WhenIwaswalkingalongthestreetIhappenedtomeetanoldfriend.
?[析]在一个长动作发生或进行的过程中,某一突然事件发生,这时长动作应用进行时(现在进行时或过去进行时),而突发性动作用一般时(一般现在时或一般过去时),如:Whenmyfatherisreadinganewspaperthetelephonerings.
?[误]Pleasebuyabookforme.
?[正]Pleasebuymeabook.
?[正]Pleasebuyabooktome.
?[析]在接双宾语的动词后面的两个宾语,一个是直接宾语,一个是间接宾语,如:Buymeabook中me是间接宾语,而abook是直接宾语。如果将直接宾语前置,其后应加to,如:Tellmeastory.Tellastorytome.Givemeabook.Giveabooktome.
?[误]Hewasseencomeintothebookstore.
?[正]Hewasseentocomeintothebookstore.
?[析]在主动语态中,有时可以加不带to的不定式作宾语,如:Isawhimcomeintothebookstore.但如果变为被动语态时,则要将省略的to还原。当然这些动词还可以加动名词作宾语,如:Isawhimcomingintothebookstore,如变为被动语态时,则没有变化。如:Hewasseencomingintothebookstore.
?[误]Hownicethebookis!Isitsoldwell?
?[正]Hownicethebookis!Doesitsellwell?
?[析]有些动词可以表示一种动作,但也可以用来表示某种性质,表示动作时可用被动语态,在表示性质时则不可用被动语态。如:
?Thisbooksellswell.这本书畅销。
?Thiscardriveseasily.这车容易驾驶。
?Theseclotheswasheasily.这些衣服好洗。
?在作上述表达时,不要用被动语态。而要讲:
?Thiskindofbookwassoldout.(这种书卖完了)
?Theseclotheswerewashedbythewashingmachine.这时要用被动语态,因为它描述的是具体动作。
?[误]MustIdoitnow??
No.youmustnt.
?[正]MustIdoitnow??No,youneednt.
?[析]need用在疑问句和否定句中常用作情态动词,其后接不带to的不定式。由must提问的问句作答语时,如是肯定的要用must,否定的要用neednt,即为没有必要。在肯定句中常用作实意动词,如:Ineedtowaitformyboy.
?[误]Isthisbookyours?
?Yes,Its.
?[正]Isthisbookyours??
Yes,Itis.
?[析]在肯定的回答中不要用缩写形式,而在否定的回答中可以用缩写形式,如:No.Itisnt.
?[误]Illhavemybikerepairtomorrow.
?[正]Illhavemybikerepairedtomorrow.
?[析]have+人+动词原形或现在分词意为:让某人作某事,如:Myfatherhadmetolearnhowtodrive,或Myfatherhadmedoingmyhomeworkfrommorningtillmight??have+物+动词的过去分词为某件事被别人完成。如:Ihavemyhaircut.我去理发。而不是自己理发。如果讲我想自己作某事,则用Iwanttorepairmybikemyself.
?[误]Illgetmybrotherrepairthebikeforyou.
?[正]Illgetmybrothertorepairthebikeforyou.
?[析]have与get的用法有相同之处,也有不同之处。相同之处,如:havesomethingdone,也可用getsomethingdone,或have(get)somebodydoingsomething但不同之处在于havesomebodydosomething在用get时则要用getsomebodytodosomething。
?[误]IhavetostudyonSaturdaybutIhaventtostudyafullday?
?[正]IhavetostudyonSaturday,butIdonthavetostudyafullday.
?[析]haveto不得不,而donthaveto为其否定式。
?[误]IsTomintheclassroom?No.Hemustntbeintheclassroom,becauseIsawhimtalkingwithourteacherintheofficejustnow.
?[正]IsTomintheclassroom?No.HecantbeintheclassroombecauseIsawhimtalkingwithourteacherintheofficejustnow.
?[析]must加动词原形表达一种比较肯定的推测,而表示否定的推测则要用cant。
?[误]Mygrandpaisovereightybutheisabletoreadwithoutglasses.
?[正]Mygrandpaisovereighty,buthecanreadwithoutglasses.
?[析]can(could)多用于表达客观的事实,主观能力,而beableto则多用于表达主观的意愿。
?[误]Shedoesntanswerthedoorbell.?Sheshouldbeasleep.
?[正]Shedoesntanswerthedoorbell.?Shemustbeasleep?
?[析]should用于现在时态的句子中应译为"应该",如:Youshoulddoyourhomeworkrightaway.而must加动词原形表示一种推测。
?[误]Doyouliketogowithus?
?[正]Wouldyouliketogowithus?
?[析]Doyoulike…问的是习惯,如:Doyoulikeswimming?而wouldyoulike是一次性的邀请。
?[误]Iamusedtogetupearlyinthemorning.
?[正]Iamusedtogettingupearlyinthemorning.
?[析]usedto共有三种用法,①表示过去的习惯,如:Iusedtolivewithmyparents.?②表示?过去的习惯延续到现在,如:Iamusedtoswimmingintheriver.③用于被动语态,如: ?Oilis?usedtocook?
?[误]Toplaywiththechildrenareveryinteresting.
?[正]Toplaywiththechildrenisveryinteresting.
?[析]不定式作主语时,应视为单数主语,特别是两个不定式用and作连词作主语时,如指的是一件事也应用单数谓语动词。如:Togetupearlyandtogotosleepearlyisgoodforyourhealth.
?[误]Heaskedmedomyhomeworkalone.
?[正]Heaskedmetodomyhomeworkalone.
?[析]某些动词要求不定式作其宾语或宾语补足语,它们是:asksomebodytodosomething要求某人做某事。tellsomebodytodosomething告诉某人做某事还有prepare准备,decide决定,happento碰巧,seem似乎。
?[误]hetoldmetodriveacar.
?[正]Hetoldmehowtodriveacar.
?[析]要学会疑问词加不定式的用法,特别要注意的是what是疑问代词,而how是疑问副词。如:Iwanttoknowwhattodo.(我想知道干什么)。Iwanttoknowhowtodoit.(我想知道如何去作)。要注意的是howtodoit中的it是不可少的,因how是疑问副词,不能作及物动词的宾语,而what是疑问代词,可做do的宾语,所以whattodo后不要加it。
?[误]Iamverygladmeetingyou.
?[正]Iamverygladtomeetyou.
?[析]许多形容词后加不定式,这样用时形容词多是用来描述人物的感情、态度,如:glad,happy,pleased,lucky,sorry,sad,upset,ready,careful,surprised。
?[误]Imtoogladforseeingyou.
?[正]Imtoogladtoseeyou.
?[析]这句话不能按照too…to的句型翻译为:我太高兴了以至于不想见你。而应译为:见到你太高兴了。又如:Sheistoohonesttotellthetruth?应译为:她很诚实,不会不讲实话。
?[误]Tomistooyoungnottojointhearmy.
?[正]Tomistooyoungtojointhearmy.
?[析]这是too…to的正常用法,太如何如何以至于不能如何。
?[误]Iwenttothehospitalforseeingmyoldfriend.Hewasillinhospital.
?[正]Iwenttothehospitaltoseemyoldfriend.Hewasillinhospital.
?[析]在句中表示某动作的目的时,要用不定式而不能用for加动名词。
?[误]Couldyouhelpmetofindachairtosit.
?[正]Couldyouhelpmetofindachairtositon.
?[析]当不定式作后置定语时,将不定式放于名词之后。如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则其后面的介词不要省略。如:Isatonthechair.这样的用法还有:Iwanttofindaroomtolivein.Iwanttofindapentowritewith.
?[误]Whenmotherwasaboutleavingthebabycriedsuddenly.
?[正]Whenmotherwasabouttoleavethebabycriedsuddenly.
?[析]beaboutto是表达较近的即将发生的动作,可用来表示将来时,或按计划、安排的事。
?[误]Thisworkisdifficulttobedone.
?[正]Thisworkisdifficulttodo.
?[析]在不定式作宾语时,下列情况常用主动语态表示被动。①句子的主语即是不定式动作的执行者,如:Ihavealotofletterstowrite.②句中的宾语是不定式中动作的执行者,如:Couldyoufindmeajobtodo?③在形容词之后的不定式,如:Englishisdifficulttolearn.
?[误]Wouldyouliketoseeafilmwithus??Yes,Idlove.
?[正]Wouldyouliketoseeafilmwithus??Yes,Idloveto.
?[析]在口语简答语中要将不定式符号保留,如:?Ihadto(不得不作)Imgoingto(打算作)Iusedto(过去习惯作)?Idloveto(喜欢作)Ihopeto(希望作某事)Illbegladto(高兴作)
?[误]Didyouseesomeonetodothisworkforme?
?[正]Didyouseesomeonedothisworkforme?
?[析]在感观动词之后常接不带to的不定式。这些词是see,lookat,watch,hear,listento,feel,notice。
?[误]Hewasseenpreparethiscar.
?[正]Hewasseentopreparethiscar.
?[析]在被动语态中要将主动语态句中省去的不定式还原回来。
?[误]Please?Letmychildtotryitagain.
?[正]Please?Letmychildtryitagain.
?[析]在make,have,let后加不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。
?[误]Whynottodoitagain?
?[正]Whynotdoitagain?
?[析]Whynot,youdbetter后接不带to的不定式,如:Youdbettergo.但要注意的是它的否定式是Youdbetternotgo.
?[误]Whenheheardthenewshecouldnthelptocry.
?[正]Whenheheardthenewshecouldnthelpcrying.
?[析]canthelp+现在分词表示情不自禁作某事。
?[误]Inautumn,thestreetisalwayscoveredwithfallingleaves.
?[正]Inautumn,thestreetisalwayscoveredwithfallenleaves.
?[析]现在分词作定语有正在的含义,如:fallingleave正下落的叶子。而过去分词作定语fallenleaves是落地的叶子。过去分词含有已经完成的意思。
?[误]Doyouhearsomeonesingintheoffice?
?[正]Doyouhearsomeonesingingintheoffice?
?[析]感观动词可用不带to的不定式来作宾语补足语,表达一个动作的全过程或已结束的动作,而用现在分词表示一个正在进行中的动作。
?[误]Iwanttoshopsomefoodforsupper.
?[正]Iwanttobuysomefoodforsupper.
?[正]Iwanttogoshopping.
?[析]shop作买东西讲时,要用goshopping,其后不要加所购买的东西。这样的用法还有:?goboating划船gosailing航海goskating滑冰?goshooting射击godancing去跳舞gofishing钓鱼?goswimming去游泳……不要用错,也不要改为其他式,因为这是习惯用法。
?[误]Whentheteachercameintotheclassroom,thestudentsstoppedtotalk.
?[正]Whentheteachercameintotheclassroom.thestudentsstoppedtalking.
?[析]stoptodosomething是停下来去做某事,而stopdoingsomething则是停止做某事。
?[误]Ididntrememberclosingthedoor,sothethiefcameintotheroomdirectly.
?[正]Ididntremembertoclosethedoor,sothethiefcameintotheroomdirectly.
?[析]remember后接不定式是记着去做某事,即该动作并没有完成。而remember后接动名词则表明该动作已经作完了。如:Doremembertoturnoffthelight,beforeyouleave.即在你离开前记着去关灯。而关灯的动作并没有做。Iremembermeetingyousomewhere.我记得在某处见过你。而相见一事已经作完了。相同用法还有forget。
?[误]WhenIfinishedtodothisworkIwouldgotoplayfootball.
?[正]WhenIfinisheddoingthisworkIwouldgotoplayfootball.
?[析]在英语中有些动词后要接动名词作宾语。在初中范围主要有两个动词finish和enjoy,千万不要与like相比。因为like作动词"喜欢"用时,其后接动名词表示习惯性动作,接不定式表示一次性特殊的动作,而wouldyoulike后面则一定要用不定式。
?[误]Whenhefinishedhishomework,hewentonplayingthefootball.
?[正]Whenhefinishedhishomework,hewentontoplayfootball.
?[析]goontodosomething是做完一件事紧跟着做另一件事。而goondoingsomething是在做一件事的过程中被打断后接着再继续做这件事。
?[误]Hesbusytopreparehislessons.
?[正]Hesbusypreparinghislessons.
?[析]bebusy后加doing而不能接不定式。
?(三)例题解析
?1?MrZhangaskedme___thewordsagain.
?A.read
B.reads
C.toread
D.reading
?[答案]C.
?[析]asksomebodytodosomething要求某人作某事。
?2?You___playontheroad.Itsdangerous.
?A.mustnt
B.may
C.can
D.must
?[答案]A.
?[析]must用于否定句表示禁止做某事。
?3?MrBrown___inBeijingsince1993.
?A.work
B.works
C.worked
D.hasworked
?[答案]D.
?[析]句中有since引导的时间状语,因此句中要用完成时态。
?4?I___aletterwhenmymothercamein.
?A.write
B.amwriting
C.waswriting
D.willwrite
?[答案]C.
?[析]当母亲进来时是一个瞬时的动作,而写信是一个长动作,所以写信这个动作应用过去进行时态,表示在写信过程中发生的另一个短动作。
?5?Itsnotanimportantparty,youneednt___.
?A.payforit
B.wearitout
C.tryitout
D.dressupforit
?[答案]D.?[析]payfor-为某物,某人付款,wearout-穿坏,磨破,tryout-选拔,挑选,而dressup-梳妆打扮。
?6?CanI___abikefromhim?
?A.lend
B.return
C.give
D.borrow
?[答案]D.
?[析]borrowsomethingfrom…为向某人某处借某物。而lend,return,give后面的介词应用to。
?7?-MustIstayathome?
?-No,you___.
?A.mustnt
B.neednt
C.maynot
D.cannot
?[答案]B.
?[析]neednt为"没有必要必须做某事",而mustnt为"禁止做",cannot为"不能做"。根据题意是:你不一定待在家里。
?8?-Howlonghaveyou___here?
?-Abouttwomonths.
?A.been
B.gone
C.come
D.arrived
?[答案]A.
?[析]havebeenhere是个状态,可以与后面的长时间状语连接,而其他三个动词都是瞬间动词。
?9?Stamps___bypeopleforsendingletters.
?A.use
B.using
C.used
D.areused
?[答案]D.
?[析]这里是被动语态,意为邮票被人们用来发信。
?10?TheradiosaysTianjinwillbe___tomorrow.
?A.rains
B.rain
C.rained
D.rainy
?[答案]D.
?[析]rainy为形容词作表语。
?11?Ifyoudontknowthisword,___inthedictionary.
?A.lookforit
B.lookatit
C.lookafterit
D.lookitup
?[答案]D.
?[析]lookup查字典,与look有关的词组有:
lookabout四周环视
lookafter照顾
lookaround周围,四处看
lookat看
lookback回顾
lookfor寻找
lookforwardto期待
lookout当心
looklike看上去像
12?Myfathertoldme___playonthestreet.
?A.not
B.tonot
C.notto
D.didnot
?[答案]C.
?[析]不定式的否定式是nottodosomething.
13?Thereisgoingto___anEnglishpartythisevening.
?A.be
B.has
C.have
D.is
?[答案]A.
?[析]这里是therebe无生命的"有"加助动词的句型,即therewillbe,而没有therehave的句型。
?14?There___nobusstopherelastyear.
?A.is
B.was
C.are
D.were
?[答案]B.
?[析]lastyear为去年,所以用过去时。而therebe句型的单复数要看be动词之后离之最近的名词是单数还是复数。如:Thereisapenandtwopencilsonthedesk.
?15?Ourschoolwillholdasportsmeetingifit___tomorrow.
?A.isntrain
B.rains
C.wontrain
D.doesntrain
?[答案]D.
?[析]在状语从句中应用一般时态来表示将来。
?16?Bikesmustnt___everywhere.
?A.beput
B.beputted
C.put
D.putting
?[答案]A.
?[析]这里是被动语态。与put有关的词组如下:?
putaway放好putoff推迟puton穿上putout扑灭putdown放下
17?NeitherLiLeinorHanMeimei___Harbin.
?A.havebeento
B.hasbeento
C.havegoneto
D.hasgoneto
?[答案]B.
?[析]hasbeento是去过某处。
?18?Itscoldtodayyoudbetter___morecoats.
?A.puton
B.takeoff
C.toputon
D.totakeoff
?[答案]A.
?[析]dbetter其后加不带to的不定式,而puton为"穿上"。
?19?Henry___abirthdaycardforSamyesterday.
?A.hasbought
B.buys
C.bought
D.willbuy
?[答案]C.
?[析]因句中的yesterday为表达过去的时间状语,所以应用过去时态。?
20?WhenIgottothefactory,theworkers___aboutthefilim.
?A.aretalking
B.talked
C.weretalking
D.havetalked
?[答案]C.
?[析]状语从句中所用的动词为过去时,则主句中也要与之呼应。而工人们在谈论电影为一长时间的动作,所以要用过去进行时。?
21?Nohurry,please___yourtime.
?A.take
B.bring
C.carry
D.catch
?[答案]A.
?[析]takeonestime慢慢来别着急。?
22?Ienjoy___thelightmusic.
?A.tolistento
B.listeningto
C.hearing
D.tohear
?[答案]B.
?[析]enjoy与finish其后只能接动名词作宾语补足语。?
23?Please___assoonasyougetthere.
?A.ringmeup
B.ringupme
C.wakemeup
D.wakeupme
?[答案]A.
?[析]ringup打电话,而wakeup唤醒。英文中有很多动词词组如其宾语是代词时,一定要放在动词与介词之间。?
24?WhenI___,Iwanttobeateacher.
?A.growsup
B.growup
C.shallgrow
D.grewup
?[答案]B.
?[析]growup长大。而状语从句要用现在时表示将来,即使主句也用的是一般现在时,但它含有将来之意。
?25?Icalledhimandhe___tohaveatalkwithme.
?A.stop
B.stops
C.stoped
D.stopped
?[答案]D.
?[析]这是由and连接的两个并列句,所以时态应保持一致。?
26?-Wouldyouplease___meanevaser,Lucy?
?-Certainly.Hereyouare.
?A.borrow
B.lend
C.borrowed
D.lent
?[答案]B.
?[析]wouldyouplease其后接不带to的不定式即动词原形,而borrow为"借入"而lend为"借出"。
?27?Trees___inspring.
?A.plant
B.wereplanted
C.shouldbeplanted
D.shouldplant
?[答案]C.?
[析]should用于一般现在时态中表示应该,而此句又是被动语态。
28?-Wheresyourfather?
?-He___toParis.
?A.go
B.goes
C.went
D.hasgone
?[答案]D.
?[析]hasgone是已去某处了,不在这里了。所以强调过去的动作影响到现在。?
29?-MustIfinishmyhomeworkinclassnow?
?-No,you___.Youcandoitathome.
?A.mustnt
B.maynot
C.neednt
D.can
?[答案]C.
?[析]neednt表示没有必要一定要这样做。由must提问,肯定句用must,否定句用neednt.?
30?Thankyouverymuchfor___yourbook___me.
?A.lending,to
B.lent,to
C.borrow,from
D.borrowing,from
?[答案]A.
?[析]for是介词,要用动名词作介词宾语。
?31?TheGreatGreenWallwillstopthewindfrom___theearthaway.
?A.blowing
B.blow
C.blows
D.toblow
?[答案]A.
?[析]stop…fromdoingsomething.阻止某人或某物作某事。
?32?ThestudentswillgototheWestHillFarmbybike,ifit___finetomorrow.
?A.willbe
B.is
C.shallbe
D.was
?[答案]B.
?33?Ourteacheralwaystellsus___inthestreet.Itstoodangerous.
?A.dontplay
B.nottoplay
C.toplay
D.notplay
?[答案]B.
?[析]不定式的否定式为nottodo。?
34?Englishisausefullanguage.It___widelyintheworld.
?A.isspoken
B.wasspoken
C.canspeak
D.willspeak
?[答案]A.
?[析]本句为被动语态。
?35?Thekiteisflyinghighinthesky.It___abird.
?A.looksat
B.lookslike
C.looksfor
D.looksafter
?[答案]B.
?[析]looklike像……,其中like为介词。
?36?-Look!WhatsWangPingdoingoverthere?
?-She___underabigtree.
?A.sings
B.sang
C.hassung
D.issinging
?[答案]D.
?37?You___seeadoctor.Youvegotabadcold.
?A.will
B.aregoingto
C.hadbetter
D.could
?[答案]C.
?[析]hadbetter最好,意为一种真心的劝告。?
38?Yourradioistooloud.Wouldyouplease___?
?A.turndownit
B.turnitdown
C.toturndownit
D.toturnitdown
?[答案]B.
?[析]wouldyouplease后面加动词原形。?
39?Couldyoutellmeifit___tomorrow?
?A.rains
B.israining
C.willrain
D.rain
?[答案]C.
?[析]if从句是宾语从句,而不是状语从句。所以还是要用将来时,而不能用一般现在时表示将来。
?40?Suddenlyoneofthebags___thetruckandlandedinthemiddleoftheroad.
?A.fellout
B.felldown
C.felloff
D.willbe
?[答案]C.
?[析]falloff掉落,与off有关的词组有?seeoff送行giveoff散发shutoff关闭kickoff踢掉turnoff关闭getoff下车jumpoff跳下showof炫耀takeoff脱下payoff付清
41?He___atthisschoolsincetwoyearsago.
?A.was
B.hasbeen
C.is
D.willbe
?[答案]B.
?[析]since引导的时间状语应与完成时相呼应。
?42?Shedoesntknow___.
?A.whentodo
B.whattodo
C.howtodo
D.wheretodo
?[答案]B.
?[析]when,how,where均为疑问副词,而what为疑问代词,又因do是及物动词需要宾语。如用疑问副词时应为whentodoit,howtodoit,wheretodoit.
?43?Mustolderpeople___topolitely.
?A.speak
B.spoken
C.bespoke
D.bespoken
?[答案]D.
?[析]这句话的主动语态应为Peoplemustspeakpolitelytoolderpeople?对年龄较大的人讲话应有礼貌。?
44?Teachersusuallyasktheirstudents___loudlyinclass.
?A.tospeak
B.speak
C.speaks
D.spoke
?[答案]A.
?[析]asksomebodytodosomething要求某人作某事。?
45?-WhereisMrZhang?
?-Look!He___onabigmachineoverthere.
?A.works
B.worked
C.isworking
D.hasworked
?[答案]C.
?[析]由look,liston等词开始的句子一般要用现在进行时态。?
46?Theresafootballmatch.Please___theTVatonce.Letswatchtogether.
?A.turnon
B.takeoff
C.turnoff
D.goon
?[答案]A.
?[析]turnon打开。与turn有关的词组有:turnagainst背叛turnon打开turn+颜色变为某种颜色turnoff关闭turnover翻转turnto翻到某页turninto变为turnup向上翻
47?Pleasetellmewhere___haveourpicnictomorrow.
?A.wewill
B.willwe
C.will
D.willyou
?[答案]A.
?[析]where引导的从句是宾语从句,而不是状语从句。
?48?We___Englishforthreeyearsalready.AndwecanspeakalittleEnglishnow.
?A.learn
B.havelearned
C.haslearned
D.willlearn
?[答案]B.
?[析]for+表示一段长度的时间词,应与完成时相呼应。
?49?Atlast,LinFengmadethebaby___andbegintolaugh.
?A.stoptocry
B.stopcrying
C.tostoptocry
D.tostopcrying
?[答案]B.
?[析]makesomebodydo(ordoing)something,stopdoing意为停止做某事。
?50?Ourclassroommust___cleaneveryday.
?A.keep
B.tokeep
C.bekept
D.tobekept
?[答案]C.
?[析]应为被动语态。
?51?Ihearthere___asportsmeetinginourschoolnextweek.?
A.isgoingtohave
B.willhave?
C.isgoingtobe
D.aregoingtobe
?[答案]C.
?[析]这是hear的宾语从句是therebe句型。而且是用了begoingto形式。
?52?Itsgettingcolder,Peter.Youdbetter___thiscoatwithyou.
?A.bring
B.carry
C.take
D.get
?[答案]C.
?[析]bring带来,take带走。
?53?Ourclassroomiscleanandtidy.?It___everyday.
?A.cleans
B.iscleaning
C.cleaned
D.iscleaned
?[答案]D.
?[析]这里表达的是经常的一种状态,所以应用一般现在时的被动语态。?
54?Ifyouarenotcarefulinthestreet,acarmay___you.
?A.hurt
B.hit
C.run
D.catch
?[答案]B.
?[析]hit撞上,碰上,击中
?55?Thefarmerswerebusy___readyforthenextyear.
?A.got
B.getting
C.toget
D.get
?[答案]B.
?[析]bebusy后应用动词的ing形式。

中考英语语法精讲例析连词


中考英语语法精讲例析连词

(一)知识概要?

连词是一种在句子与句子之间,短语之间以及名词等其他词语之间起连接作用的虚词,它不能单独作句子的成份。按其意义可分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。?并列连词连接的双方是对等的。常有的并列连词有and,both…and,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,aswellas等。但如果连接的两部分意义不趋向一致,意义有转折的并列连词有:but,however,while(而),only(只不过)。还有表示选择关系的并列连词,如:or,orelse,otherwise…再有的是连接双方,互为因果,或表示前因后果的连词有:for,so,therefore(因此),then等。?从属连词在初中范围内常常用来连接名词性从句,如:that,if,whether,其次用来连接状语从句。其中有原因状语从句,常用的连接词有:whenwhile,as,since,before,after,once,assoonas,until,till连接条件状语的连词有:if,unless,aslongas等,而原因状语的连接词有because,since,as,nowthat(既然)。目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等状语从句的连接词有:sothat,so…that,such…that,as…as,than,where…它们在句子与文章中几乎无处不见。?具体用法见下表。?

连词用法一览表

种类功用例句

并列连词连接具有并列关系的词HeknowsneitherEnglishnorFrench.

短语Areyougoingbybusoronfoot?

分句Marywasagoodgirl,butshehadoneshortcoming.

从属连词引导:状语从句Illdoitasyoutoldme.

Youwillbelateunlessyouhurry.

连接代词和连接副词主语从句Whathesaidprovedtrue.

Whenwellstarthasnotbeendecidedyet.

表语从句Thisiswhyhedidntcomeyesterday.

Thatiswherehelives.

宾语从句ThemanaskedmewhichIlikedbest.?

Icantunderstandwhysheissolate.

关系代词和关系副词定语从句Nicotineisadrugthatgetsoneintothehabitofsmoking.?

HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.

(二)正误辨析?

[误]Bothmyparentsarenothere.Theywenttotheconcertjustnow.?

[正]Neitherofmyparentsishere.Theywenttotheconcertjustnow.?

[析]在英语中both一般用于肯定句中,如用于否定句中,其意义也不同于汉语,如:Bothofusarenotright.在英语中应被理解为"我们俩不都对。"而Neitherofusisright。才能被理解为"我们俩无一正确"。?

[误]Heorhisparentshassometicketsforthefilm.?

[正]Heorhisparentshavesometicketsforthefilm.?

[析]由or连接两主语时,谓语动词应与相临近的那一个主语保持一致。?

[误]Youshouldstudyhard,andyouwontpasstheexam.?

[正]Youshouldstudyhard,oryouwontpasstheexam.?

[析]or作为连词,这里的意思为"否则"。又如:Hurryup,oryoullbelateforschool.

[误]Thoughheispoor,butheisreadytohelpothers.?

[正]Thoughheispoor,heisreadytohelpothers.?

[正]Heispoor,butheisreadytohelpothers.?

[析]"虽然……但是"是中文中的常用结构,但在英文中用了"虽然"则不要用"但是",用了"但是"则不能再用"虽然",二者只可用其一。?

[误]EitheryouorIareonduty.?

[正]EitheryouorIamonduty.?

[析]either…or连接两个主语时,其谓语动词与相临近的一个主语相呼应,这也叫作就近原则。类似的用法还有or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso等。?

[误]TomisourEnglishteacherandteachingEnglishinourschoolnow.?

[正]TomisourEnglishteacherandisteachingEnglishinourschoolnow.?

[析]并列句中常常在后面的句子中作一些省略,以免重复,但不是所有词都可作任意的省略的。当你连接的是两个系动词时,后面的那个系动词不可省略,也就是讲连接的部分不可省略。?

[误]Myfatherlikesswimmingandtocollectstamps.?

[正]Myfatherlikesswimmingandcollectingstamps.?

[析]由并列连词连接的两个部分要保持相等的语法结构。如是动名词则都用动名词,如用不定式则都应用不定式,这是初学者要注意的一点。?

[误]Myfatherisreadinganewspaper,Iamdoingmyhomework.?

[正]MyfatherisreadinganewspaperwhileIamdoingmyhomework.?

[析]两个并列句中间不可用逗号连接,要用并列连词来连接。?

[误]MyfatheraskedmethatifIwantedtolearnhowtodrive.?

[正]MyfatheraskedmeifIwantedtolearnhowtodrive.?

[析]宾语从句的连接词只能有一个不能重复使用。?

[误]WewillgobothtoBeijingandShanghai.?

[正]WewillgotobothBeijingandShanghai.?

[析]用both…and…作连接词时,其相连接的部分结构也要相同。?

[误]NotonlyMarybutalsoherbrothersisgoingtodance.?

[正]NotonlyMarybutalsoherbrothersaregoingtodance.?

[析]由notonly…butalso…连接两个主语时,其重点在其后面的那一个主语,所以谓语形式应采用就近原则。?

[误]Theteacheraswellashisstudentsarecoming.?

[正]Theteacheraswellashisstudentsiscoming.?

[析]由aswellas连接两个主语时,谓语动词与aswellas后面的名词无关,而与前面的名词相一致。?

[误]Tomdoesnotswimnorplayfootball.?

[正]Tomdoesnotswimorplayfootball.?

[析]nor主要用于连接句子的对等连词,如在否定句中连接某一部分时要用or,但要注意句子的含意,如:Thisanimaldoesnotlikeacoworahorse.这个动物既不像牛也不像马。Thisanimaldoesnotlikeacowbutahorse.这个动物不像牛而像马。?

[误]Forthereisnolightintheclassroom.Thestudentsmusthavegonehome.

[正]Thestudentsmusthavegonehome,forthereisnolightintheclassroom.

[析]由for引出的原因状语从句在使用时要注意不能将该从句置于句首,而应置于主句之后,并在主句与从句之间加一逗号。更要注意的是because,as,since与for4个表示原因的连词中because是因果关系,是最强的一个,而for是最弱的一个。有些语法书中干脆把for叫做并列连词

[误]MybrotherwillpasstheEnglishexamisnoquestion.?

[正]ThatmybrotherwillpasstheEnglishexamisnoquestion.?

[析]主语从句的引导词that是不可省略的。这一点不要和宾语从句的引导词相提并论。

[误]Thismapwillshowyouhowwillyougettothehotel.?

[正]Thismapwillshowyouhowyouwillgettothehotel.?

[析]名词性从句作宾语从句使用时,最重要的一点是要用陈述语句。特别要注意的是那些使用双宾语的动词,如:tell,ask,show…?

[误]Whiletheclockstruchten,allthelightswentout.?

[正]Whentheclockstruckten,allthelightswentout.?

[析]while是强调两个动作在同时进行中,如:WhileIamdoingmyhomework,myfatherisreadinganewspaper.而这里的when是"正当某某时刻","就在这一时间点上",其重点强调在某一特定时刻某动作的发生。?

[误]WhileIwaswalkingalongthestreetyesterday,Imetanoldfriend.?

[正]WhenIwaswalkingalongthestreetyesterday,Imetanoldfriend.?

[析]这里用when表达在一个动作的进行中,另一个动作突然发生了。正在进行的动作用一进行时态,而突然发生的动作用一般时态。?

[误]WhileIheardthebadnewsIfeltsad.?

[正]WhenIheardthebadnews,Ifeltsad.?

[析]while不能表达一点儿的时间,即瞬时某一时间点。?

[误]Afterschoolsomestudentsplayfootball,orothersgotothelibrary.

[正]Afterschoolsomestudentsplayfootball,whileothersgotothelibrary.

[析]while在此处意为"而,然而"。?

[误]Shesangwhenshewalkedalongthedarkstreet.?

[正]Shesangasshewalkedalongthedarkstreet.?

[析]as用于句中时,其要点是强调两个动作的同时进行。这里用when虽然不能讲是语法上的错误,但则看不出来小女孩因独自走黑暗的街道因害怕而唱歌的心情。?

[误]Ifinishedmyhomeworkuntiltwelveoclocklastnight.?

[正]Ididntfinishedmyhomeworkuntiltwelveoclocklastnight.?

[正]Ididmyhomeworkuntiltwelveoclocklastnight.?

[析]until用在句中时其含义是某一动作一直持续到某时结束,那么句中的动词则一定要用持续性动词,如果要用瞬间,或截止性动词时一定要用否定句式。因截止性动作的否定式应看作是持续性的动作。如离开leave是瞬间动作,因一出门即为离开了,而不离开则是长时间的。?

[误]IhavestudiedEnglishwhenIwastwelve.?

[正]IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIwastwelve.?

[析]since引出的时间状语从句是表达了一个时间点,而这个时间点是主句动作的启始点,所以主句一般要用完成时态。?

[误]Becausehedidntstudyhard,sohedidntpasstheexam.?

[正]Hedidntpasstheexambecausehedidntstudyhard.?

[析]because与so在英文中两者不能并用的,只能在句中用其一。?

[误]Hewassuchexcitedthathecouldnotspeak.?

[正]Hewassoexcitedthathecouldnotspeak.?

[析]so与such的用法可以分为四种情况,①用于单数可数名词之前,其格式是such+不定冠词+形容词+单数可数名词,如:Itissuchabeautifulbookthateverychildlikesit.也可以用so,其格式是so+形容词+不定冠词+单数可数名词,如:Itwassobeautifulabookthateverychildlikesit.②在不可数名词前或可数名词复数前这时只能用such,如:Itissuchgoodweatherthatwewanttoswim.又如:Theyaresuchgoodstudentsthattheycanpasstheexameasily.③在few,little,much,many这4个字前只能用so而不能用such,如:IhavesomuchmoneythatIcanbuyeverythingIwant.④当that前只有形容词或副词时,这时只能用so,如:Sheissobeautifulthateveryonelikesher.HeransofastthatIcouldntkeepupwithhim.?

[误]Hegotupearlierthismorningsoastothathecouldcatchthefirstbus.

[正]Hegotupearlierthismorningsoastocatchthefirstbus.?

[正]Hegotupsoearlierthathecouldcatchthefirstbus.?

[析]so…that与sothat的用法有相同之处,那就是其后接从句,而soasto其后要接不定式,即动词原形。这样的词组还有:inorderto。?

[误]Iwanttobuysamestampthatyouhave.?

[正]Iwanttobuythesamestampasyouhave.?

[析]thesame…as(that)这是个固定用法,在same前的定冠词是不能少的。而thesame…that意为"我要的就是那一个"。而thesame…as为"要的是和……一样的东西"。

[误]BeforeIdonotgiveyoutheanswer,Illaskyousomequestions.?

[正]BeforeIgiveyoutheanswer,Illaskyousomequestions.?

[析]这种错误是由于受中文的影响。在中文中可以讲"我没给你答案前"。而英文用了before就不要再用否定句了。?

(三)例题解析?

1?WeboughtGrannyapresent,___shedidntlikeit.?

A.butB.and

C.orD.so?

[答案]A.?

[析]由于句意的原因,应选择转折连词。?

2?Runquickly,___wellmisstheearlytrain.?

A.andB.but

C.soD.or?

[答案]D.?

[析]or这里应译为:否则。?

3?Illgivethebooktohim___hecomesback.?

A.sinceB.assoonas

C.beforeD.until?

[答案]B.?

[析]assoonas引出的时间状语从句应用一般现在时表示将来要发生的动作。?

4?Dontcrosstheroad___thelightturnsgreen.?

A.whenB.while

C.untilD.as?

[答案]C.?

[析]until应译为"直到……才",因为前面的祈使句为否定句。又如:Shedidnotgotobeduntilhermothercameback.应译为"直到她妈妈回来她才睡觉"。?

5?MissGaohasbeenateacher___1990.?

A.beforeB.after

C.sinceD.in?

[答案]C.?

[析]因为主句为完成时,所以应用since表示该动作的启始点。?

6?-Whichwouldyoulikebetter,tea___milk??

-Tea,please.?

A.butB.and

C.orD.with?

[答案]C.?

[析]在疑问句与否定句中应用or来表示一种选择。?

7?Welovespring___theresbeautifulflowerseverywhere.?

A.thoughB.but

C.orD.because?

[答案]D.?

[析]因为这里表示的是因果关系。?

8?Pleaseleave___7∶00,thenyoullbeabletoget___thereearlier.?

A.till,inB.from,/

C.before,/D.behind,to?

[答案]C.?

[析]before为在7∶00之前离开。?

9?Theteacherdidntbeginthelesson___allthestudentsstoppedtalking.?

A.untilB.after

C.ifD.because?

[答案]A.?

[析]这句应译为"直到所有的学生都停止讲话老师才开始上课"。因begin为瞬间动词,所以应用否定句。?

10?Bettydidntgotoseethefilmyesterday___shewasill.?

A.butB.until

C.ifD.because?

[答案]D.?

[析]这里是表示因果关系,所以应用because。因为她病了所以未去看电影。?

11?Youmuststartrightnow,___youllmissthetrain.?

A.forB.and

C.soD.or?

[答案]D.?

[析]or译为"否则"。本句句意为:你必须马上走了,否则要赶不上火车了。?

12?___heisachildofsix,hecanreadandwrite.?

A.WhoseB.If

C.ThoughD.Because?

[答案]C.?

[析]这种状语从句在英语中称为让步状语从句,应译为:虽然他才是个6岁的孩子,他却可以读书和写字。?

13?Ilikefish,___chicken,___eggs.?

A.and,andB.and,with

C./,andD.and,/?

[答案]C.?

[析]在有若干个名词或动词出现时,每一个词之间只用逗号连接,只在最后两个词之间加and。如:Theoldmanpassedthestreet,wentintoashopandboughtsomefood。

14?Takethisdictionarywithyou___youmayuseitinclass.?

A.whenB.inorderto

C.butD.sothat?

[答案]D.?

[析]sothat应译为"为的是"。本句句义为:带上字典,为的是在上课时可能有用。而inorderto其后应接动词不定式,如:Takethisdictionarywithyouinordertouseitinclass。?

15?Ihope___willbefinetomorrow.?

A.itB.what

C.whetherD.when?

[答案]A.?

[析]hope后接的是宾语从句,而且宾语从句中少主语,应用it来代替天气。?

16?___shewasnotwell,Idecidedtogowithouther.?

A.ThoughB.As

C.WhenD.Becauseof?

[答案]B.?

[析]as这里应译为"由于"。全句意为:由于她不舒服,我决定不带她去了。而becauseof其后不能接从句只能接宾语。如:Becauseoftheheavyrain,wedecidednottogo。

17?Myauntboughtme___manystorybooksthatIspentalotoftimethem.?

A.such…onB.such…in

C.too…inD?so…on?

[答案]D.?

[析]因many前只能用so来修饰,所以只能选择D选项。而spend…onsomething为在某事上花费时间或钱。如:Shespentalotofmoneyonherclothes。?

18?Motherwascooking___she___aknockatthedoor.?

A.when,listentoB.while,listenedto?

C.while,heardD.when,heard?

[答案]D.?

[析]when在这里应译为:就在那时,那一刻,那一瞬间。?

19?Speakslowly,___wecanunderstandyou.?

A.andB.or

C.ifD.because?

[答案]A.?

[析]and这里是并列连词,应译为:请讲慢些这样我们就会明白你的意思。?

20?YoulllearnEnglishwell___youputyourheartintoit.?

A.ifB.so

C.untilD.or?

[答案]A.?

[析]本句译为:如果你将心放在学习上,你就会将英语学好。这里的语法现象是从句中用一般现在时表示将来。?

21?Iwontletyouin___youshowmeyourpass.?

A.untilB.for

C.sinceD.because?

[答案]A.?

22?Shedidntgotoschool___shewasill.?

A.whyB.because

C.whereD.but?

[答案]B.?

中考英语语法精讲例析名词


中考英语语法精讲例析名词

(一)知识概要

名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法,但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念,而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨把它分为两大类:专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义,专有名词是指:个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称,如,theGreatWall,America…它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词,如pen,worker…它表示单一的个体人或事物;集体名词,如:family,class,team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体;物质名词,如:water,paper…它表示的是一种物质,原材料;而后一种是抽象名词,如:work,time…它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到,但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。见下表。

名词一览表

种类

专有名词

London,John,theCommunistPartyofChina

普通名词类名词nurse,boy,worker,pencil,dog,table

集体名词class,family,army,police,team,people

物质名词water,steel,glass,cotton,wood,sand

抽象名词happiness,love,work,life,courage,honest

功用

主语MyfamilyisnowinNewYork.

表语Hisfatherisascientist.

宾语Weloveourgreatmotherland.

宾语补足语HemadeLondonthebaseforhiswork.

定语Thegirlsaremakingpaperflowesrs.

状语Thecarcosthim1000dollars.

同位语MrBrown,afamousscientist,willcomehere.

名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数,即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算,所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等,如:English,air,water,cotton,work…可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词,所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。可数名词复数形式的构成规律是:

1.一般情况加s,如:pen—pens,doctor—doctors,boy—boys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读[s],在元音和浊辅音后读[z]。如:map—map,boy—boys.

2.在以s,sh,ch,x结尾的名词后面加es,如:bus—buses,class—classes,其读音为[iz]。

3.以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,其读音为[iz]。

4.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,要将y变为i再加es,读作[z],如:factory—factories,country—countries,family—families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boy—boys,day—days。

5.以o结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加es,但如果o前面是元音字母或外来词,缩写词以o结尾的则只加s,如:tomato—tomatoes,hero—heroes;photo—photos,radio—radios,piano—pianos

6.以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f或fe变为v再加es,如:knife—knives,leaf—leaves,但有些例外的词如roof的复数形式是roofs。

7.不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的,它没有规律可循,如:man—men,woman—women,child—children,foot—feet,tooth—teeth,mouse—mice

8.单复同形的名词有:fish,sheep,deer…

9.单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。?名词还有格的变化,其主格可作主语,宾格可作宾语。还有所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加s其复数形式是s,如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加s,如:astudentsroom,studentsrooms,ChildrensDay.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家……名词的所有格要用s,如:atwentyminuteswalk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,如:thecapitalofourcountry,thecolouroftheflowers

(二)正误辨析

[误]Pleasegivemeapaper.

[正]Pleasegivemeapieceofpaper.

[析]不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词,这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了,所以造成了这样的错误,因paper在英语中是属于物质名词一类,是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时,要用与之相关的量词来表达,如:twopiecesofpaper.

[误]Pleasegivemetwoletterpapers.

[正]Pleasegivemetwopiecesofletterpaper.

[析]paper作为纸讲是不可数名词,而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词,如:Eachstudentshouldwriteapaperonwhathehaslearnt.

[误]Myglassesisbroken.

[正]Myglassesarebroken.

[误]Iwanttobuytwoshoes.

[正]Iwanttobuytwopairsofshoes.

[析]英语中glasses—眼镜,shoes—鞋,trousers—裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用apairofglasses而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如:Thispairofglassesisverygood.

[误]MayIborrowtworadioes?

[正]MayIborrowtworadios?

[析]以o结尾的名词大都是用加es来表示其复数形式,但如果o前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s就可以了。这样的词有zoo—zoos,piano—pianos.

[误]ThisisaMarysdictionary.

[正]ThisisMarysdictionary.

[析]如名词前有指示代词this,that,thesethose,及其他修饰词our,some,every,which,或所有格时,则不要再加冠词。

[误]Therearemuchpeopleinthegarden.

[正]Therearemanypeopleinthegarden.

[析]可数名词前应用many,few,afew,alotof来修饰,而people是可数名词,而且是复数名词,如:Thepeopleareplantingtreeshere.

[误]Iwantafewwater.

[正]Iwantalittlewater.

[析]不可数名词前可以用alittle,little,alotof,some来修饰,但不可用many,few来修饰。

[误]Thankyouverymuch.Yourfamilyisverykindtome.

[正]Thankyouverymuch.Yourfamilyareverykindtome.

[误]TomsandMarysfamilyarewaitingforus.

[正]TomsandMarysfamiliesarewaitingforus.

[误]Imsorry.Ihavetogo.Tomsfamiliesarewaitingforme.

[正]Imsorry.Ihavetogo.Tomsfamilyarewaitingforme.

[析]集合名词如果指某个集合的整体,则应视为单数,如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:Myfamilyisabigfamily.WhenIcamein,TomsfamilywerewatchingTV.即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有:familyclass,team等。

[误]Donteattoomuchmeats.

[正]Donteattoomuchmeat.

[误]Foodinthatrestaurantisverygood.

[正]Thefoodinthatrestaurantisverygood.

[析]物质名词是不可数名词,在使用中不可以加s,即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如:Idontlikedrinkingcoffee,butthecoffeeinthatcupisreallygood.

[误]Pleasegivemetwowaters.

[正]Pleasegivemetwoglassesofwater.

[正]Pleasegivemetwocoffees.

[析]物质名词如要加计量时,一定要加量词,?如:twocupsoftea,twoglassesofwater,aglassofmilk,aloafofbread,

apieceofbread,aboxofsugar,

abowlofrice,abottleoforange,

abagofearth

?例:Illtellyouapieceofgoodnews.

但只有coffee可以用coffees来取代manycupsofcoffee.

[误]Canyougivemethenewspaperoftoday?

[正]Canyougivemetodaysnewspaper?

[析]加s构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如:Maryshair,但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用s来构成而不用of结构。如:afiveminuteswalk.

[误]Pleasemakearoomfortheladyintheschoolbus.

[正]Pleasemakeroomfortheladyintheschoolbus.

[析]英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的,

如:room为可数名词时为“房间”,如:IliveinRoom5.而room为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为“请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。”这样的词还有:glass玻璃glasses眼镜stone石头astone一块石头time时间twotimes两次wood木头woods树林

[误]Thereisaflowersgardenbehindmyhouse.

[正]Thereisaflowergardenbehindmyhouse.

[析]名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外,还可以用来修饰另一个名词,这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式,如:shoefactory(鞋厂),postoffice(邮局),eveningpaper(晚报),nightschool(夜校),headmaster(校长),alawschool(法律学院)。但也有例外,如:agoodstrain(货车),sportsmeeting(运动会)。

[误]Mymotherboughttwofishesforsupperthismorning.

[正]Mymotherboughttwofishforsupperthismorning.

[析]英语中有些名词单复同形,如:fish,deer,sheep,Chinese(中国人),means(方法)。所以应讲onefish,twofish,oneChinese,twoChinese.如果讲Therearefivefishesinthepool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。

[误]Maryexpressedherthanktoherboyfriend.

[正]Maryexpressedherthankstoherboyfriend.

[析]英语中有些名词只有复数形式,如:thanks,greens,而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes为衣服,而cloth则是布,sand沙子,而sands是沙滩。

[误]Iofferedmysonmycongratulationonhissuccess.

[正]Iofferedmysonmycongratulationsonhissuccess.

[析]英语中表示祝贺的词虽有单数形式,但一般要用其复数形式。如握手为shakehands.

[误]WehavefiveGermaninthismeeting.

[正]WehavefiveGermansinthismeeting.

[析]英国人Englishman的复数形式为Englishmen,而German则要加s,因为它不是由国名与man的组合词。

[误]TherearetwoAsinthisword.

[正]TherearetwoAsinthisword.

[析]在大写字母缩写形式的复数表达法中应加s,但如字母是A、I时,为了防止与As和Is相混,则要用s即As,Is

[误]Therearethree6sandtwo3sinmytelephonenumber.

[正]Therearethree6sandtwo3sinmytelephonenumber.

[析]在小写字母与数字的复数形式表达法中要用s

[误]Wehavemanywomanteachersinourschool.

[正]Wehavemanywomenteachersinourschool.

[析]一般组合名词变为复数形式时只将词中心词变为复数如:?

halfbrother—halfbrothers(同父异母或同母异父的兄弟)daughterinlaw—daughtersinlaw,(儿媳)但要注意的是:mandriver—mendrivers(男司机)womandoctor—womendoctors(女大夫)grownup—grownups(成年人)但是boystudent—则变为boystudents

[误]Physicsareverydifficulttolearn.

[正]Physicsisverydifficulttolearn.

[析]虽以s结尾但只能用作单数名词有:科学,学科名字:Physics.Mathematicspolitics游戏名称:bowls专有名称:NiagaraFalls(尼亚加拉瀑布)其他名词:news(消息,新闻)

[误]Thereisapeopleintheroom.

[正]Thereisapersonintheroom.

[正]Thereisamanintheroom.

[析]people是复数名词,不可用作单数,如要用来讲一个人时应用aperson,aman,awoman。同样的词有police.要讲一个警察时则要用apoliceman,apolicewoman。

[误]Whereismyshoe?

[正]Wherearemyshoes?

[析]常常只用作复数形式的词有trousers,pants,shorts(短裤),socks(袜子),shoes,gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一个则要指明,这时还是应用单数形式。如:Wheresmyleftglove?(我左手的手套在哪?)

[误]Ipaidfivepenniesforthesweet.

[正]Ipaidfivepenceforthesweet.

[析]英语中便士有两个复数形式pence用来表达一定数量的钱。而pennies是指一个个的硬币,如:Iwanttochangethisnoteforpennies.我想把这纸币换成硬币。(即一便士一个的硬币)。

[误]Therearemanyfruitintheshop.

[正]Therearemanyfruitsintheshop.

[析]物质名词为不可数名词,但是用来表示种类时则可以用作可数名词,这里应译为各种各样的水果。?

[误]Thereisanewcar.ItisJonesandMarys.

[正]Thereisanewcar.ItisJoneandMarys.

[析]有生命名词的所有格,如果是单数名词则加s如:Maryscar.如果是以s结尾的复数名词则只在s后面加’如:teachersoffices.如果是复数名词但不是以s结尾,则只加’s,如:childrenspalace组合名词的所有格是在最后一个词尾加s如:girlfriend—girlfriendssomeoneelse—someoneelsesaweekorthree—aweekorthrees如名词后有同位语时,则应加在同位语的词尾上,如:Itismygirlfriend,Maryscar.要注意的是当两个名词并列时,如表示归两人共同所有,则在最后一个名词后面加s,如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分别加s,如:ThisisMaryandJoneshome.即Mary与Jone是一家人。这是他们共同的家。而TheseareMarysandJoneshomes.则应译为这里是Mary的家与Jone的家。

[误]Itisreallybeautiful.Itisaworkofnature.

[正]Itisreallybeautiful.ItisaNatureswork.

[析]无生命名词的所有格应用of结构。但是s形式的所有格可用于以下无生命的名词:表示时间的词:todaysnewspaper,atwentyminuteswalk,anhours,rest表示长度的词:threemetresdistance,aboatslength,twentymilesjourney表示重量的名词:twopoundsweight价格名词:twodollarsworth拟人化的名词:Natureswork,natureslesson(大自然的教训)及国家、机关、团体、城市等机构性名词:theuniversityslibrary

[误]Heisanoldfriendofmyfather.

[正]Heisanoldfriendofmyfathers.

[析]这是英语中的一种习惯用法而不要根据语法去推理。如:ThispenisToms.

[误]Myfatherisagoodcooker.

[正]Myfatherisagoodcook.

[析]一般动词加上er后则转意为执行该动作的执行者,如:teach(教)—teacher(老师),think(想)—thinker(思想家),drive(开车)—driver(司机),sell(卖)—seller(卖物者)……但不能总是以此类推,比如cook是动词“做饭”。而cook也可作为名词“厨师”讲,而cooker则为厨具,餐具,即锅、碗、勺等做饭用具。

[误]Theyoungisdancingthere.

[正]Theyoungaredancingthere.

[析]英文中用定冠词加上形容词表示一类人时应按复数名词,如:therich富人,thepoor(穷人),thewise聪明人,但如果用定冠词加形容词来表示事物则要用作单数名词,如:Thebeautifulisstillhere.美丽的风景依旧。

[误]Thestoriesofthebookwaswrittenmanyyearsago.

[正]Thestoriesofthebookwerewrittenmanyyearsago.

[析]这句话的真正主语应是stories,所以应用复数谓语动词。

[误]ThisisoneoftheEnglish?Chinesedictionary.

[正]ThisisoneoftheEnglish?Chinesedictionaries.

[析]oneof意为“……之一”,of后面的名词要用复数形式。

[误]LetsgotouncleWangforsupper.

[正]LetsgotouncleWangsforsupper.

[析]uncleWangs意为“王叔叔家”,doctors意为“医院或私人诊所”。

[误]Ithinkwewillmakeafriendwitheachother.

[正]Ithinkwewillmakefriendswitheachother.

[析]makefriends为习惯用法,即交朋友。

[误]Iwanttotellyoumuchpiecesofgoodnews.

[正]Iwanttotellyoumanypiecesofgoodnews.

[析]news为不可数名词,但加了量词之后则要用many来修饰量词,因量词是可数名词,或可以说Iwanttotellyousomegoodnews.因some即可用在可数名词前,也可用在不可数名词前作形容词,如:Iwanttotellyousomepiecesofgoodnews.

[误]Theteacherwithfivestudentsarecominghere.

[正]Theteacherwithfivestudentsiscominghere.

[析]要注意由with引出的介词短语不是本句的主语,这与连词and有很大的区别,如:Theteacherandfivestudentsarecominghere.这里由介词引出的短语仅仅是teacher的修饰语。

[误]Therearealotofinformationhere,butwedontneedthem.

[正]Thereisalotofinformationhere,butwedontneedit.

[析]information为不可数名词,而用作代替它的词要用it而不能用them.

[误]Manyastudentmakethesamemistakeintheexam.

[正]Manyastudentmakesthesamemistakeintheexam.

[析]manya加可数名词单数,作主语时其谓语动词应用单数形式,但其意为许多学生。

[误]Thechildrenwearverygoodclothtogotoschooltoday.

[正]Thechildrenwearverygoodclothestogotoschooltoday.

[析]英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之词:cloth是物质名词,意为“布”,没有复数形式,而clothing是指衣物的总称,也没有复数形式。clothes是指衣服,但没有单数形式,如:Thisclothingisneededinwarmcountries.Herclothesaremadeoffinecloth.英文中的dress则指较正规的服装,如:aschooldress校服,aneveningdress晚礼服。

[误]IliketostudytheEnglish.

[正]IliketostudyEnglish.

[析]作为一种学科名词前不要用冠词,而作为某一特指学科则要加冠词,如:Iliketostudyhistory.IliketostudythehistoryofAmerica.

[误]TheBrownsisgoingtovisitChina.

[正]TheBrownsaregoingtovisitChina.

[析]定冠词加姓加s,则意为“Brown先生一家人”。所以应用复数谓语动词。此句应译为:Brown先生一家将要访问中国。

(三)例题解析

1.LucyandLily___inthesameclass.

A.amB.isC.areD.be

[答案]C.

[析]由and连接两个单数名词作主语时应按复数名词来搭配谓语动词。

2.Whichisthe___tothebusstop,please?

AroadBwayCstreetDaddress

[答案]B.

[析]这是考察同意词辨析,road是指较宽阔的大道,意为“乡间公路”,而street意为道路两边的建筑物较高,可视为街道之意,而way则多为要到达某地所要经过的途径,还可引深为方式、方法。而address则为“地址”。如:Thereisacarrunningalongthecountryroad.?Iliveat105Parkstreet.CanyoushowmethewaytotheNationalMuseum?

3.Hurryup!Thereis___timeleft.

AlittleBalittleCfewDafew

[答案]A.

[析]因time作为时间讲为不可数名词,所以不可用few,afew来修饰。另外,英文的表达法与中文不同,中文讲,快点,时间不多了,而英文要讲,快点,没时间了。因此,要用little而不用alittle.

4.Howmany___canyouseeinthepicture?

AtomatosBtomatoesCtomatoDthetomato

[答案]B.

[析]用Howmany提问时,其名词要用复数形式,而tomato的复数要加es.

5.— ___isthemeat.Please?

— Tenyuanakilo.

AHowmuchBHowmanyCHowoldDHowlong

[答案]A.

[析]由对话的答语可看出其问句问的是价格。钱数作为整体、价格讲时,不论其值是多少都是不可数名词,要用howmuch提问。

6TheboysnameisJamesAllenGreen.Sohisgivennameis___.

AJamesAllenBAllenGreenCJamesGreenDMr.Green

?[答案]A.

[析]英文的习惯与中文不同,中文是姓在前名字在后,而英文则是姓在最后,其第一个名字是由父母所起的,中间的名字可能是父母、教父所起的,但都可称作givenname,而姓在英文中是familyname.

7Shanghaiisoneofthebiggest___inourcountry.

AcityBcitysCcitysDcities

?[答案]D.

[析]复音字母以y结尾的单词的复数形式要把y变成i再加es。oneof加名词的结构中的名词应用复数。

8Wouldyoupleasepassme___?

Atwopaper Btwopapers

CtwopiecesofpaperDtwopiecesofpapers

?[答案]C.

[析]paper是不可数名词,如讲一张、两张纸时,要用量词piece.

9September10this___Day.

ATeacherBTeachersCTeachersDTeachers

?[答案]D.

10Ionlyhave___breadforlunchtoday.

AabitBabitofClittleDfew

[答案]B.

11“Whatwouldyoulike,Ann?”“Idliketwo___.”

AglassofmilkBglassesofmilk

CglassofmilksDglassesofmilks

?[答案]B.

12Thereisnt___paperinthebox.Willyougoandget___forme?

Aany,someBany,anyCsome,someDsome,any

?[答案]A.

[析]any用于否定句与疑问句,但如果要表达说话者真心实意希望得到肯定答复时,问句中要用some而不要按一般语法规律用any.

13June1stis___.

AChildrensdayBchildrensDay

CChildrensDayDchildrensday?

[答案]C.

14Theseforeignfriendsare___.

AGermanBGermenCGermanyDGermans

[答案]D.

15Allthestudentsarebusy,so___ofthemwillgotothecinema.

AmanyBlittleCafewDfew

?[答案]D.

[析]student是可数名词,而few用于可数名词,意为:几乎没有学生去电影院。

16Therearethree___andseven___inthepicture.

Adeers,sheepsBdeers,sheep

Cdeer,sheepDdeer,sheeps

?[答案]C.

[析]deer与sheep均是单复同形的名词。

?17Whoseroomisthis?Its___.

AmyBKikesandJohns

CourDKikeandJohns

[答案]D.

[析]因为room为单数,所以不可能是Kike的一间与John的一间,应为二者共用的一间房子。

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