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Unit4bigbusiness-grammar学案

作为优秀的教学工作者,在教学时能够胸有成竹,作为教师就要在上课前做好适合自己的教案。教案可以让学生更好的吸收课堂上所讲的知识点,帮助教师掌握上课时的教学节奏。教案的内容具体要怎样写呢?下面是小编精心收集整理,为您带来的《Unit4bigbusiness-grammar学案》,欢迎您参考,希望对您有所助益!

JAB88.comUnit4bigbusiness-grammar学案
一.快捷识记
I.过去分词作状语所表示的意义:
过去分词短语作状语,可表示时间,原因,条件等,可发展为一个状语从句。过去分词作状语可分为:
一般式(done)表示分词动作与谓语动作同时发生或分词动作发生于谓语动作之前。
完成式(havingbeendone)强调分词动作发生在谓语动作之前。例如:
Scolded(Asshewasscolded)bytheteacher,thegirlsattherewithoutliftingherhead.
由于被老师批评了,那个女孩低着头坐在那儿。
II.过去分词作状语时的具体用法:
1.过去分词作时间状语相当于一个时间状语从句。例如:
Asked(Whenhewasasked)whathadhappened,heloweredhishead.
当他被问问题的时候,他低下了头。
2.过去分词作原因状语相当于一个原因状语从句。例如:
Frightened(=Because/Asshewasfrightened)bythetiger,thegirldidntdaretosleepalone.
因为害怕老虎,这个女孩不敢单独睡觉。
3.过去分词作条件状语相当于一个条件状语从句。例如:
Grown(Iftheseseedsaregrown)inrichsoil,theseseedscangrowfast.
如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快。
Given(Ifweweregiven)moretime,wecoulddoitbetter.
如果给我们更多时间的话,我们可以做得更好。
注意:此句中的given在许多语法书中作为介词处理。
4.过去分词作让步状语相当于一个让步状语从句。例如:
Left(Althoughhewasleft)athome,Johndidntfeelafraidatall.
虽然John被单独留在房间里,他一点都不害怕。
5.过去分词作状语表示伴随动作或状态。例如:
Theteacherenteredtheclassroom,(andhewas)followedbyagroupofstudents.
老师进入教室,后面跟着一帮学生。
二.练一练:
1.________inthequeueforhalfanhour,Tomsuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthiswalletathome.
A.TowaitB.Havewaited
C.HavingwaitedD.Tohavewaited
2.________bythebeautyofnature,thegirlfromLondondecidedtospendanothertwodaysonthefarm.
A.AttractingB.Attracted
C.TobeattractedD.Havingattracted
3.Theresearchissodesignedthatonce________nothingcanbedonetochangeit.
A.beginsB.havingbegun
C.beginningD.begun
4.________tosunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoonesskin.
A.ExposedB.Havingexposed
C.BeingexposedD.Afterbeingexposed
5.Priceofdailygoods________throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.
A.areboughtB.bought
C.beenboughtD.buying
参考答案:1—5CBDCB

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Unit4 Earthquakes-Grammar教案


一名合格的教师要充分考虑学习的趣味性,作为教师就要好好准备好一份教案课件。教案可以让学生能够听懂教师所讲的内容,减轻教师们在教学时的教学压力。所以你在写教案时要注意些什么呢?以下是小编为大家精心整理的“Unit4 Earthquakes-Grammar教案”,仅供参考,欢迎大家阅读。

Unit4Earthquakes-Grammar教案
1.Teachingobjectives
Learntousedirectspeechandindirectspeech
2.Teachingimportantpoint
SummarizetherulesofDirectSpeechandIndirectSpeech.
3.Teachingdifficultpoint
Learnaboutthespecialcasesinwhichthetensesshouldn’tbechanged.
4.Teachingmethods
Discussing,summarizingandpracticing.
5.Teachingprocedures
Step1Leadin
T:Inthelastlesson,welearnedAnneFrank’sstory.Sheistellingherstoriestotwoofherfriends—youandTom.Tomhassomethingwrongwithhisears,soyouhavetorepeatAnne’ssentences,usingindirectspeech.SometimesyouexplainTom’ssentencestoAnne.
“Ihavetostayinthehidingplace.”saidAnne.→
Annesaidshehadtostayinthehidingplace.
“Doyoufeelsadwhenyouarenotabletogooutdoors?”TomaskedAnne.→
TomaskedAnneif/whethershefeltsadwhenshewasnotabletogooutdoors.
“Idon’twanttosetdownaseriesoffactsinadiary,”saidAnne.→
Annesaidthatshedidn’twanttosetdownaseriesoffactsinadiary.
“Whatdoyoucallyourdiary?”Tomasked.→
Tomaskedwhatshecalledherdiary.
Ssgoonthistopicbythemselves.

Step2Grammar
T:Nowlet’slookatthesesentencesagain.IfwewanttochangeDirectSpeechintoIndirectSpeech,whatshouldbechanged?
Ssdiscussbythemselves.
Ss:sentencestructures,tenses,pronouns,adverbialsoftimeandplaceandverbsshouldbechanged.
T:Quiteright.Lookattheformonthescreen.Thesearetherules.

直接引语变成间接引语时,要注意以下几点:人称变化、时态变化、宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
1.直接引语是陈述句,变成间接引语时,由连词that引导。例如:
Shesaid,"Iamveryhappytohelpyou."→
Shesaidthatshewasveryhappytohelpyou.
2.直接引语是一般/选择疑问句,变成间接引语时,由连词whether或if引导。例如:
Heaskedme,"Doyoulikeplayingfootball?"→
Heaskedmeif/whetherIlikedplayingfootball.
注意:大多数情况下,if和whether可以互换,但后有ornot,或在动词不定式前,或放在介词后作连接词时,一般只用whether。例如:
Sheaskedmewhetherhecoulddoitornot.
3.直接引语是特殊疑问句,变成间接引语时,由相应的疑问词who,whom,whose,how,when,why,where等引导。例如:
Mysisteraskedme,"Howdoyoulikethefilm?"→
MysisteraskedmehowIlikedthefilm.
4.直接引语是祈使句,变成间接引语时,把动词原形变成动词不定式,并在动词不定式前加tell,ask,order等的宾语。例如:
Thecaptainordered,"Bequiet."→
Thecaptainorderedustobequiet.
注意:此种情况的否定句,在动词不定式前加not。
Myteacheraskedme,"Dontlaugh."→
Myteacheraskedmenottolaugh.
5.一些注意事项
(1)间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序,即主、谓、宾的顺序。例如:
HeaskedLucy,"Wheredidyougo?"→
HeaskedLucywhereshewent.
Tomsaid,"Whatdoyouwant,Ann?"→
TomaskedAnnwhatshewanted.
(2)直接引语是客观事实、普遍真理等,变成间接引语时,时态不变。例如:
Theytoldtheirson,"Theearthgoesroundthesun."→
Theytoldtheirsonthattheearthgoesroundthesun.
(3)直接引语变间接引语时,指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。例如:
Hesaid,"Ihaventseenhertoday."→
Hesaidthathehadntseenherthatday.
注意:如果转述时就在原来的地方,就在说话的当天,就不必改变指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等。
DirectSpeechIndirectSpeech
Presentpast
Pastpastandpastperfect
Presentperfectpastperfect
Pastperfectpastperfect
Presentcontinuouspastcontinuous

Step3practice
T:TurntoPage5.Pleasechangethefollowingdirectspeechintoindirectspeechandindirectintodirect.
1.“I’mgoingtohidefromtheGermans,”Annesaid.
2.“Idon’tknowtheaddressofmynewhome,”saidAnne.
3.“Icannotaskmyfatherbecauseitisnotsafetoknow,”shesaid.
4.“Ihadtopackupmythingsveryquickly,”thegirlsaid.
5.“Whydidyouchooseyourdiaryandoldletters?”Dadaskedher.
6.Mumaskedherif/whethershewasveryhotwithsomanyclotheson.
7.Margotaskedherwhatelseshehadgot.
8.Anneaskedherfatherwhentheywouldgobackhome.
9.Anneaskedhersisterhowshecouldseeherfriends.
10.MotheraskedAnnewhyshehadgonetobedsolatethenightbefore.

Step4Correctingmistakes
TanalysesthecommonmistakesSshavemadeduringthepractice.
T:Nowlet’slookatthescreenandpayattentiontothesesentences.Choosetherightsentenceandtellmewhytheotheroneiswrong.

Step5Agame
Playaguessinggame“whoismysecretfriend?”Onestudentcomestothefrontwithhispartner.
Thereststudentsaskhimquestionswhilehispartnerchangesthemintoindirectspeech.Intheend,thepersonwhohasguessedtherightanswercancometothefronttotaketheplaceofthefirststudent.Sothegamegoeson.
Suggestedsentences:
Canyourfriendspeak?
Whatdoeshe/sheweartoday?
Ishe/shetallorshort?
Whatdoyouandyourfrienddoinyourfreetime?
Doyouquarrelwitheachother?...

Step6Homework
DoExercise1onPage42.HereisanotherpageofAnne’sdiary.Readitthroughandthenuseindirectspeechtoretellthestory.

高二英语Unit4Grammar:Inversion导学案


高二英语Unit4Grammar:Inversion导学案
Book5Unit4Grammar
倒装(Inversion)

·学生能够结合所给例句归纳出倒装的基本结构,并能够识别出英语倒装句;
·学生能够学习和掌握倒装句的种类、基本结构及其用法。

·掌握并能正确区分部分倒装和全部倒装的用法;
·能够熟练进行正常语序与倒装语序间的转换
课前导学
Task1:分析下列例句的结构,并找出倒装规律。
1)Hereismysuggestion.
2)Notonlyshouldyouknowthemeaningsofthewords,butalsoyoucanlearnthembyheart.
3)OnlyifyoureviewyourEnglishnoteseverybodycanyouimproveyourEnglish.
*观察比较这几个句子,找出语序的不同。
IloveEnglish.
自然语序:主语+___________+______________.
句子1)的语序:谓语+______________.
句子2)和3)的语序:引起倒装句的词、短语或句子+_____________+__________+其他。

倒装(Inversion)定义:在英语中,主语和谓语的正常语序通常是主语在_____,谓语在_____。如果把谓语动词放在主语之_______,就叫倒装结构。倒装有两种形式:若将_______放在主语之前,叫全部倒装;若只把__________(如助动词、be动词或情态动词)移到主语之前,则叫部分倒装。
部分倒装:______________________________
全部倒装:______________________________
Task2:找出课文中的倒装句,分析它们是部分倒装还是全部倒装并说出原句的自然语序。
a.NeverwillZhouYangforgethisfirstassignmentattheofficeofapopularEnglishnewspaper.
b.NotonlyamIinterestedinphotography,butItoolanamateurcourseatuniversitytoupdatemyskills.
c.Onlyifyouaskmanydifferentquestionswillyouacquiretheinformationyouneedtoknow.
d.Herecomesmylistofdosanddon’ts.
课中探究
全部倒装(FullInversion)
第一类Therebe句型
观察一:试分析下列句子的结构。
1)Therearemanybeautifulgirlsandhandsomeboysinmyclass.
2)Long,longagotherelivedaKingwholovedhorsesverymuch.
3)Therestandtwowhitebuildingsbytheriver.

Therebe句型实际上是一个固定的___倒装___句型,可以用在这类句型中的动词除了be外,还可以用_____lie/exist/stand/live/seem_______等动词代替。
活学活用:
1)________________(住着)anoldmaninthemountain.
2)________________(仍存在)someproblems.
3)________abeautifulpalace____thefootofthehill.
A.Therestand;at B.Therestands;under
C.Standsthere;under D.Therestands;at
第二类表地点、方向、时间的副词引起的倒装

观察二:比较下面每组句子。
1.Theboywentaway.

Awaywenttheboy.

2.Thedogrushedout.

Outrushedthedog.

3.Thegirlcamein.

Incamethegirl.

4.Theoldladycomeshere.

Herecomestheoldlady.

5.Yourturncomesnow.
Nowcomesyourturn.
:表示方位、时间、地点的副词__away_____out________up,down,off_____there_____then等位于句首时句子用______________.
观察三:比较下面句子。

Herecomesthebus.

Hereyouare.

Herehecomes.

:当__代词___作主语时,句子是正常语序,不需要倒装。
活学活用:把下列句子改成倒装句
1)Thecatjumpedup.=__________________________________.
2)Theplaneflewdown.=__________________________________.
第三类表示地点的介词短语所引起的倒装
观察四:比较下面每组句子。
1.Alittleboystandsunderthetree.
Underthetreestandsalittleboy.
2.Alakeliesintheeastofthetown.
Eastofthetownliesalake.
3.Apicturehangsonthewall.
Onthewallhangsapicture.
:表示_____的副词或介词短语位于句首时句子用___________.
活学活用:
1)_____Southofthecitystands_____(城市的南部矗立着)asplendidbuilding.
2)____Betweenthetwobuildingsstands_____(两栋大楼之间矗立着)atree.
部分倒装(PartialInversion)
部分倒装结构:只把___________、____________、__________放在主语之前。
第四类Only+状语引起的倒装

观察五:比较下面每组句子。
1.OnlywhenyoulistentomeattentivelycanyouunderstandwhatIamsaying.
2.Onlythendidherealizehismistakes.
3.Onlyinthiswaycanyoulearnmathwell.
:only+____状语从句_______/____副词______/____介词短语_____放在句首时,句子用______部分倒装________.
活学活用
Onlyinthisway__________progressinyourEnglish.
A.youmakeB.canyoumake
C.youbeabletomakeD.willyouabletomake

第五类否定词或短语引起的倒装

观察六:比较下面每组句子。
1.Ididnotmakeasinglemistake.
NotasinglemistakedidImake.
2.Wehaveneverseensuchasightbefore.
Neverbeforehaveweseensuchasight.
3.Heseldomgoestoschoollate.
Seldomdoeshegotoschoollate.
:含有___否定_____意义的副词或短语,如_never____,____seldom______,hardly,___few__,little,atnotime,notuntil,no,__not___,rarely等放在句首时,句子用__________________.

若原句中没有助动词,必须根据谓语动词的具体时态来确定相应的助动词do,does或did,如:1)和3)。
活学活用
1.Hecareslittleaboutwhatothersthink.
Little_____he_____aboutwhatothersthink.
2.Notasinglesong____atyesterday’sparty.
A.shesangB.sangsheC.didshesing
3.Never_____suchawonderfulplaceasHangzhou.
A.arehangingB.hadIseenC.IhaveseenD.haveIseen
第六类并列句及复合句所引起的倒装
观察七:试观察并分析下列句子。
1)NotonlyamIinterestedinphotography,but(also)Itookanamateurcourseatuniversitytoupdatemyskills.
2)Notuntiltheteachercamedidhefinishhishomework.
3)Hardly/Scarcelyhadhegonetobedwhenhefellasleep.
4)Nosoonerhadhegonetobedthanhefellasleep.
:
1)notonly引起的句子使用_________结构,而butalso引起的句子___________.
2)Notuntil句型中,主句使用_________结构,从句__________.
3)Hardly/Scarcely…when及Nosooner…than句型中,前半句使用________结构,从句__________.
*这一规律可总结为___________________.即主从复合句中,主句倒装,从句_____倒装。
活学活用
1.Notonly__________notbeafraidofdifficulties,butalso________tryourbesttoovercomethem.
A.weshould,weshouldB.weshould,shouldwe
C.shouldwe,weshouldD.shouldwe,shouldwe
2.NotuntilIbegantowork_________realizehowmuchtimeIhadwasted.
A.didn’tIB.didIC.Ididn’tD.I
3.Hardly_________theairportwhentheplanetookoff.
A.IhadarrivedatB.hadIarrivedC.hadIreachedD.Ihadgotto
第七类As或Though引导让步状语从句时所引起的倒装
观察八:试观察并分析下列句子。
1.Childasheis,heknowsalot.
2.Tryashewould,hecouldn’topenthedoor.
3.HardasIstudy,Icannotcatchupwithhim.
4.Boyashewas,hebehavedlikeagirl.
:_____引导的让步状语从句必须用倒装结构,将_____、_____或_____提到as前面。其中,单数名词置于句首时,冠词a或an要___________.
活学活用
1.______,theboyknowsalotaboutcomputer.
A.ThoughisheyoungB.Asisheyoung
C.YoungasisheD.Youngasheis
第八类So+adj./adv.或Such+n.引起的倒装
观察九:比较下面每组句子。
1.Hespokesoloudlythatevenpeopleinthenextroomcouldhearhim.
Soloudlydidhespeakthatevenpeopleinthenextroomcouldhearhim.
2.Heissuchanoblepersonthatpeopleallrespecthim.
Suchanoblepersonishethatpeopleallrespecthim.
:在so/such…that结构中,若__________或___________置于句首,则主句使用________结构,从句________.
第九类虚拟语气中的倒装
观察十:比较下面每组句子。
1.IfMarkhadinvitedme,Iwouldhavebeengladtocome.
HadMarkinvitedme,Iwouldhavebeengladtocome.
2.IfIwereyou,Iwouldtrymybest.
WereIyou,Iwouldtrymybest.
:if引导的虚拟条件句中,谓语动词中含有_____,_____,should时,
可以省去_____,把_____,_____,should提到主语前时。
第十类so,neither或nor引起的倒装
观察十一:比较下面每组句子。
HehasbeentoBeijing.SohaveI.
Jackcannotanswerthequestion.Neither/NorcanI.
:用于_____,_____,_____开头的句子,表示_____________的意思,此时要用________结构,且其谓语应与前句谓语的时态形式________.
特别提示:Johnwonthefirstprizeinthecontest.
—Sohedid.
第十一类表示“祝愿”时的倒装
观察十二:比较下面每组句子。
Mayyousucceed!
LonglivethePeople’sRepublicofChina
:在表示_____句子中用倒装。

将下列句子改写成倒装句
1.Ididn’treceivethemanager’sreplyuntilnearlyamonthlater.
___________________________________________________________
2.Hecaredlittleabouthisownsafety,thoughhewasingreatdangerhimself.
____________________________________________________________
3.Hehadhardlygotintotheroomwhenthetelephonerang.
____________________________________________________________
4.Shewassoabsorbedinherworkthatsheoftenforgottotakehermeals.
______________________________________________________________
5.Springcanbeconsideredhereonlywhenthousandsofflowersbloomtogether.
______________________________________________________________
6.Lighttravel’ssofastthatitisdifficultforustoimagineitsspeed.
_________________________________________________________________
7.Theoldcouplehasbeenmarriedfor40yearsandtheyhaveneverquarreledwitheachother.
_________________________________________________________________
8.Althoughheisachild,heknowsalot.
__________________________________________________________________
9.Ifyouhadattendedthemeetingyesterday,youwouldhavemetthemanager.
_________________________________________________________________
10.Thecitywasnotonlypollutedbutthestreetswerecrowded.
_________________________________________________________________

Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars grammar 教案


Unit4Astronomy:thescienceofthestars
grammar
Teachinggoals
1Targetlanguage
a重点词汇和短语
suffer,settle,realize,worryabout,havegotto,tieup
b重点句子:
Hewasverydisappointed.
Whatitwastobecomewasamystery.
Tosavemoney,youmustuseasfewwordsaspossible.
c.Practisetalkingaboutproblemsinstudyorlife
Myproblemis…Thedifficultyis…Mytroubleis…
Thequestionis…Myadviceis…WhatIthinkaboutitis…
Thefactis…Mysuggestionis…
2Abilitygoals
LearntouseNounClausesasthesubject..
3Learningabilitygoals
LetSslearnhowtouseNounClausesasthesubject
Teachingimportantpoints
theuseofNounClausesasthesubject
Teachingdifficultpoints
HowtoteachtheSstolearntouseNounClausesasthesubject
Teachingmethods
Learngrammarthroughpractice
Teachingaids
computer
Teachingprocedures
Step1Revision
1.Checkretellingofthepassage.
Theexplosionoftheearthproducedwatervapor,whichturnedintowaterwhentheearthcooleddown.Waterallowedtheearthtodissolveharmfulgasesintotheoceansandseas.Thatmadeitpossibleforlifetobegintodevelop.Thearrivalofsmallplantsencouragedthedevelopmentofearlyshellfishandallsortsoffish.Manymillionsofyearslaterthefirstgreenplantsbegantoappearonland.Laterlandanimalsappeared.Somewereinsects.Others,calledamphibians,wereabletoliveonlandaswellasinthesea.Whentheplantsgrewintoforests,reptilesappearedforthefirsttime.Later,dinosaursdeveloped.Theybecamethemostimportantanimalsontheearthformillionsofyears.Aftertheydisappeared,mammalsbecamemoreimportant.Theywerethelastgroupofanimalsandtheyweredifferentbecausetheyproducedtheiryoungfromwithintheirbodies.Smallcleveranimals,withhandsandfeet,appearedandspreadallovertheearth.Astimewentby,theycoveredtheearthandhavebecomethemostimportantanimalsontheplanet.
2.Translatethefollowingsentences.
1.你迟早会成功的。
2.我的车与你的不一样。
3.站在门旁边的那个人是谁?
4.他总是第一个来,最后一个离开。
5.既然你已经长大了,你自己决定吧。
Suggestedanswers:
1.You’llsucceedintime.
2.Mycarisdifferentfromyours.
3.Whoisthepersonstandingbythedoor?
4.He’salwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.
5.Nowthatyouhavegrownupyoucandecideityourself.
Step2Preparation
Showsomeexamplesentencesonthescreen.
1Atreehasfallenacrosstheroad.
2Youareastudent.
3Tofindyourwaycanbeaproblem.
4Smokingisbadforyou.
5“Howdoyoudo?”isagreeting.
6Whatshesaidisnotyetknown.
7Thatweshallbelateiscertain.
8It’scertainthatweshallbelate.
Whatpartdoestheunderlinedpartserveasineachsentence?Orfinditssubjectineachsentence.
Step3Grammar
定义:用作主语的从句叫主语从句,它是名词性从句之一。引导主语从句的连接词有:连词that,whether;连接代词who,what和which;连接副词when,where,how和why。
1)由what等代词引起的主语从句:
Whattheteachersaidtodaywasquiteright.老师今天说的话是十分正确的。
2)由连词that引起的主语从句:
Thattheyarebadlyinneedofhelpisquiteclear.他们急需帮助,这是十分明显的。
但是这类句子在大多数情况下会放到整个句子的后部去,而用代词it作形式主语。
3)由连接代词或连接副词以及whether引起的主语从句。
Whethertheywillsellthehouseisnotyetdecided.他们是否卖掉这所房子还没有决定。
4)whatever,whoever也可引导主语从句。
Whateverwassaidheremustbekeptsecret.这里说的话都应当保密。
Whoevermakesmistakesmustcorrectthem.凡犯了错误的人都必须改正。
注意:上述例句中的主语从句都是放在句首,但有时为了使句子结构平衡,避免“头重脚轻”,常用it作形式主语,而把从句放在后面。例如:
Itisapitythatshehasmadesuchamistake.她犯了这样一个错误,真是遗憾。
这样就构成了下面一些常用句型:
1)Itis+adj./n.+从句
Itisapity/shamethat...遗憾的是……
Itispossiblethat...很可能……
Itisunlikelythat...不可能……
2)It+不及物动词+从句
Itseems/appearsthat...似乎……
Ithappenedthat...碰巧……
3)It+be+过去分词+从句
Itissaidthat...据说……
Itisknowntoallthat...众所周知……
Itisreportedthat...据报道……
Itisbelievedthat...据信……;人们相信……
Itissuggestedthat...有人建议……
单个的主语从句作主语时谓语动词用单数;由and连接的两个主语从句作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
Step4practice
Ex1fillintheblanks.
1._____youdon’tlikehimisnoneofmybusiness.
2._____hesaidatthemeetingastonishedeverybodypresent
3.________the2008OlympicGameswillbeheldinBeijingisknown.
4.________we’llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.
5.________leavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelights.
6.___isafactthatEnglishisbeingacceptedasaninternationallanguage.
7.Itworriedherabit____herhairwasturninggrey.
8.TheForeignMinistersaid,“__isourhopethatthetwosideswillworktowardspeace.”
9.AfterYangLiweisucceededincirclingtheearth,____ourastronautsdesiretodoiswalkinspace.
Ex2translation
1.谁赢了比赛还不知道。
_______________isunknown.
2.他所说的话是真的。
____________istrue.
3.我们要晚了,那是肯定无疑的。
_______________iscertain.
4.他去哪里还不清楚。
______________isnotclear.
5.很遗憾你不能来。
____________youcan’tcome.
Homework
Englishweeklypage4part3

Lesson4DreamHouses-grammar学案


Lesson4DreamHouses-grammar学案

语法知识:定语从句

1.定语从句:定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。

2.关系词:引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等;关系副词有where,when,why等。关系词常有3个作用:1,引导定语从句。2,代替先行词。3,在定语从句中担当一个成分。注:关系代词有主语.宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。

4.定语:定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的,是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用‘……的’表示。主要由形容词担任。此外,名词,代词,数词,分词,副词,不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任,也可以由一个句子来担任.单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前,作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后,作后置定语。

5.先行词:被限制或修饰的主句的主语。

(一)限定性定语从句

一、关系代词(在句中作主语、宾语或定语)指人

指物

关系代词

Who,whom,that,whose

That,which

二、关系副词(在句中作状语)

关系副词=介词+关系代词

表原因:why=forwhich

表地点:where=in/at/on/...which(介词同先行词搭配)

表时间:when=during/on/in/...which(介词同先行词搭配)

(二)非限定性定语从句

非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立

1.which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分

2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的,例如:

CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.查理·史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。

Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。

3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:

HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。

Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。

4.有时as也可用作关系代词

5.在非限定性定语从句中,不能用关系副词why和关系代词that,而用who,whom代表人,用which,whose代表事物.;

(三)介词+关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时,从句常由介词+关系代词引导。

(1)Theschool(that/which)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.

(2)Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.

1.含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,如:lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等

2.若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用whom,不可用who或者that;指物时用which,不能用that;关系代词是所有格时用whose.

3.“介词+关系代词”前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等代词或者

(四)判断关系代词与关系副词 

方法一:用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词;而及物动词后接宾语,则要求用关系代词。

方法二:准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。

(五)关系代词that的用法

(1)不用that的情况 

(a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。

(错)Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,Isveryfamoushere. 

(b)介词后不能用。 

Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood. 

Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.

(2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 

(a) 在therebe句型中,只用that,不用which。 

(b) 在不定代词,如:anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。 

(c) 先行词有theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast,just修饰时,只用that。

(d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。. 

(e) 先行词既有人,又有物时。

(f)先行词指物,在主句中作表语时.

(g)为了避免重复.

(h)先行词是theway时

(六)as,which引导的非限定性定语从句 

由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于andthis或andthat。As一般放在句首,which在句中。 

1)Asweknow,smokingisharmfultooneshealth. 

2)Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous. 

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