中考英语定语从句复习归纳
(一)知识概要?
定语从句并不属于中考范围,但由于作者在多年的教学中体会到,这一语法现象影响了许多学生自学英语。这些学生一般是成绩较好的学生,想进行大量阅读来提高自己的英语水平,但总是碰到一些问题,百思不得其解。苦于自己的水平只限于初中水平,无法提高,但各种补习班又都是为一些水平较差的学生开设的,所以又投师无门。为了解决这部分学生的学习困难,也为那些有志青年铺平学习上的道路,特用这一节讲述定语从句,不是从语法上讲述,而是从阅读理解方面去讲述。可供同学们在学习时参考。这会对你的英语学习起到事半功倍的作用。对于形容词我们已十分熟悉了,如:agoodbook,形容词good用来修饰书book。我们也可以用一个句子来修饰名词,这种句子叫做形容词性从句,它起修饰名词的作用,又被叫做定语从句(Theattributiveclause)。但有一点不同的是这个从句不是像形容词那样放于名词前,而是放在名词之后。它所修饰的名词又被叫作先行词,如:Doyouknowthescientistwhogaveusthetalkthisafternoon?这句中的主句是Doyouknowthescientist?(你知道那位科学家吗?)而whogaveusthetalkthisafternoon(他今天下午给我们作的报告。)是定语从句。所以这两句话合为一体即是:
你认识今天下午给我们作报告的那位科学家吗?这里scientist叫作先行词,而who叫作定语从句的引导词。who在定语从句中起主语的作用,who的数与它的先行词相同。又如:YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo这里先行词是everything,而thatIdo是定语从句,此句应译为:你必须作我所作的一切。that叫作定语从句的引导词,在句中作do的宾语。引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词:that,which,who,whom,whose和关系副词when,where,why,how。不论关系代词还是关系副词,都应放于先行词和定语从句之间,起联系作用,但它们都要在定语从句中起语法作用,充当一个成份。如关系代词在定语从句中不是作主语便是作宾语,而关系副词则是作状语。我们先来看关系代词的用法。①that的先行词可以是人也可以是物。如:Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly这里先行词是machine而that是关系代词,在定语从句中作主语。这句译为:飞机是一种会飞的机器。又如:Ilikethebook(that)youlentmeyesterday这里先行词是book,关系代词用that,它在定语从句中作lend(借)的宾语。要注意的是关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略,即:Ilikethebookyoulentmeyesterday②which关系代词的先行词只能是物。它在定语从句中作主语或宾语,如:Thebookshopisashopwhichsellsbooks这里shop是先行词,which在从句中作主语。又如:Thebook(which)Ireadlastnightwaswonderful这里主句是Thebookwaswonderful而定语从句是修饰主句的主语book,即我昨晚读的那本书,which在定语从句中作read的宾语,可以省略。③who,whom,whose?who在定语从句中作主语,whom是who的宾格,在定语从句中作宾语,而whose则是形容词性物主代词,在从句中作定语,如:ThemanwhovisitedourschoolyesterdayisanAmericanfriend昨天参观我们学校的人是一位美国朋友。Who在定语从句中作主语。又如:Whosthatwoman(whom)youjusttalkedto?你刚才与之谈话的那个女人是谁?而whom作定语从句中介词to的宾语,可以省略,而在现代英语中,句首的whom也常常可用who代替。Thisisourclassmate,Mary,whosehomeisnotfarfromourschool这是我们的同学玛丽,她的家离我们学校不远。为了便于理解,我们来看看是如何将两句话并为一句话的。?
1.Isawtheman.Heclosedthedoor??
Isawthemanwho(that)closedthedoor?
2.Thegirlishappy.Shewontherace??
Thegirlwhowontheraceishappy.?
3.ThestudentsarefromChina.Theysitinthefrontrow.??
ThestudentswhositinthefrontrowarefromChina?
(要注意的是先行词是students则who的数也应看作复数。)?
4.Wearestudyingsentences.Theycontainadjectivedause.??
Wearestudyingsentencesthat(which)containadjectivedause??
5.Thetaxidriverwasfriendly.Hetookmetotheairport.??
Thetaxidriverwhotookmetotheairportwasfriendly.??
6.Thebookwasgood.Ireadit??
ThebookthatIreadwasgood.??
ThebookIreadwasgood.??
7.Thepeoplewereverynice.Wevisitedthemyesterday.??
Thepeoplewevisitedyesterdaywereverynice.?
8.Themancalledthepolice.Hiswalletwasstolen.??
Themanwhosewalletwasstolencalledthepolice?
9.Icomefromacountry.Itshistorygoesbackthousandsofyears.??
Icomefromacountrywhosehistorygoesbackthousandsofyears.?
10.Ihavetocalltheman.Ipickeduphisumbrellaafterthemeeting.??
IhavetocallthemanwhoseumbrellaIpickedupafterthemeeting.?
关系代词whom,which在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间,有时为了关系紧凑也可以将whom与which与先行词紧挨着书写,而将介词置于定语从句的后面,如:
Thatwastheroominwhichwehadlivedfortenyears或可以写作:
Thatwastheroomwhichwehadlivedinfortenyears??
Hewasthemanwhom(who)youwerelookingfor要注意的是此句的关系代词whom可以用主格取代,而lookfor是短语动词也不可将for放于定语从句之前。that作关系代词作介词宾语时,不能紧跟介词,而只能将介词置于定语从句的后面。如:Themanthatweweretalkingabouthascometoourschool.这时不可用aboutthat…请看下面例句:
1.Themeetingwasinteresting.Iwenttoit.??
ThemeetingthatIwenttowasinteresting.??
2.Themanwasverykind.Italkedtohimyesterday.??
ThemanwhoItalkedtoyesterdaywasverykind?
3.Imustthankthepeople.Igotapresentfromhim.??
ImustthankthepeoplewhoIgotapresentfrom.?
4.Thepicturewasbeautiful.Shewaslookingatit.??
Thepicturethat(which)shewaslookingatwasbeautiful.?
5.Themanisstandingoverthere.Itoldyouabouthim.??
ThemanwhoItoldyouaboutisstandingoverthere?
除关系代词外,还有关系副词,when,where,why,其中when用来指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。如:IneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstcametotheGreatWall.而where则指地点,如:Thisisthehousewheretheoldmanlives.请看下面例句:
1.Thecitywasbeautiful.Wespentourvacationthere.??
Thecitywherewespentourvacationwasbeautiful?
2.Thatistherestaurant.Iwillmeetyouthere.??
ThatistherestaurantwhereIwillmeetyou?
3.Thetownissmall.Igrewupthere.??
ThetownwhereIgrewupissmall.?
4.Thatisthedrawer.Ikeepmynewspapersthere.??
ThatisthedrawerwhereIkeepmynewspapers.?
5.Mondayistheday.Wewillcomethen.??
MondayisthedayWhenwewillcame?
6.7:05isthetime.Myplanearrivesthen.??
7:05isthetimewhenmyplanearrives.?
7.1960istheyear.Therevolutiontookplacethen.??
1960istheyearwhentherevolutiontookplace.?
8.Julyisthemonth.Theweatherisusuallythehottestthen.??
Julyisthemonthwhentheweatherisusuallythehottest.?
在定语从句中又可分为两大类定语从句,即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。?
①限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,如果去掉的话,主句的意思就不完整,意义就表述不明。这种句型一般定语从句紧接先行词,如:Iwastheonlypersoninmyofficewhowasinvited.??
②非限制性定语从句。它与主句的关系不十分密切,只是对其附加说明,也就是讲即便去掉定语从句,句意也不受影响,仍然清晰明了。这样的定语从句要在它和主句之间加一逗号分开。且关系代词不引导这种非限制性定语从句,如:AbrahamLincoln,wholedtheUnitedStatesthroughtheseyears,wasshotonApril14,1865atatheatreinwashingtonD.C.又如:GalileolivedinthecityofPisa,wherethereisaleaningtowerabout180feethigh.
第35讲 定语从句
1.Istillrememberthecollegeandtheteachers__C__IvisitedinLondonyearsago.(2013,安徽)
A.what B.who C.that D.which
2.Theteachersandthestudents__A__cametovisitNanjingMuseumarefromEngland.(2013,合肥)
A.thatB.whichC.whatD.whose
3.WhenRobinsonCrusoegottotheisland,thefirstthing__B__hedidwastolookforsomefood.(2014,广东)
A.whoB.thatC.whichD.whom
4.“Underground”istheonlywordintheEnglishlanguage__B__beginsandendswiththeletters“und”.(2014,河南)
A.whatB.thatC.whoD.whom
5.Helikeslowcarbonlife.Helivesinthehouse__C__hebuilthimselfoutoftrash.(2014,十堰)
A.whereB.what
C.whichD.inwhich
近五年来,安徽中考对定语从句的考查频率不高,但同学们仍需注意,可能2015年中考会设相关试题。初中阶段对定语从句的考查主要集中在定语从句的功能,结构和关系词的用法上,重点考查由that,which,who引导的定语从句。
高频考向一 定语从句的关系词
定语从句在句中作定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系代词who,whom,that,which,whose或关系副词when,where,why等引出。
①who,whom,that代替的先行词是指人的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。如:
Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?他是想见你的那个人吗?
Heistheman(who/whom/that)Isawyesterday.他是昨天我看到的那个人。
②which,that代替的先行词是指代事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。如:
Marylikesmusicthat/whichisquietandgentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。
Thecoat(that/which)Iputonthedeskisblue.我放桌子上的外套是蓝色的。
③whose用来指人或物。(只用作定语)如:
Pleasepassmethebookwhosecoverisgreen.请把封面是绿色的那本书递给我。
④关系副词有when,where,why,它们在句中作状语。如:
Illneverforgetthedayswhenwestudiedtogether.我永远忘不了我们一起学习的那些日子。
Thisisthecitywheremyfatherworkedtenyearsago.这是我爸十年前工作的城市。
Doyouknowthereasonwhyhewaslateforschool?
你知道他上学迟到的原因吗?
—DoyouknowMoYan?
—Ofcourse.Heisthefamouswriter______wontheNobelPrizein2012.
A.whoB.whomC.which
解析:考查定语从句关系词。先行词是writer,指人,且在从句中作主语,故应用关系代词who。
答案:__A__
Pleasepassmethecartoonbook______hasaMickeyMouseonthecover.
A.whomB.whoseC.whoD.which
解析:先行词是book,指物,因此关系词用which.
答案:__D__
Thisistheprimaryschool______Istudiedthreeyearsago.
A.whereB.whenC.thatD.which
解析:先行词school在定语从句中作studied的地点状语。
答案:__A__
高频考向二 关系词只能用that而不用which的情况
①当先行词前被形容词最高级修饰时。如:
ThisisoneofthemostexcitingfootballgamesthatIhaveeverseen.这是我所看过的最激烈的一场足球赛。
②当先行词前有一个序数词修饰时。如:
Thefirstthingthatyoucoulddowastoturnoffthelight.你首先要做的就是关灯。
③当先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much,none等不定代词时(something后也可用which)。如:
AllthatwehavetodoforourstudentsistotellthemhowtospeakEnglishinclass.我们要为学生做的所有的事情就是告诉他们如何在课上说英语。
ImgoingtobuyeverythingthatIneed.我要去买我所需要的一切东西。
④当先行词前面有only,all,any,no等词修饰时。如:
ThatsallthatIwanttosay.这就是我想说的全部。
⑤当先行词既有人又有物时。如:
Theyaretalkingaboutthingsandpersonsthattheyremembered.他们正在谈论他们所能回忆起来的人或事。
ThePalaceMuseumisthebestplace______Iveevervisited.
A.thatB.whichC.whereD.what
解析:在先行词place前有形容词最高级best修饰,关系词只能用that。
答案:__A__
Lookattheboyandhisdog______arecomingthisway.
A.whoB.whichC.thatD.whom
解析:先行词是由人与物组成时,关系代词用that。
答案:__C__
高频考向三 关系词只能用who(whom)而不用that的情况
①当先行词为all,any或其合成词或afew且指人时。如:
Anyonewhobreaksthelawwillbepunished.任何违法的人都会受到惩罚。
②当先行词为that,this,those或these且指人时。如:
Thosewhohadntboughttheticketsforthetraincrowdedinthewaitinghall.那些还没买着票的人拥挤在候车厅里。
③当先行词在定语从句中作宾语或表语时,在口语中用who或whom引导均可,但如直接位于介词后作宾语时,只能用whom。如:
Theguest(who/whom)Illfirstintroducetoyouisalittlegirl.我首先要介绍给你们的客人是一位小姑娘。
Imetafewfriendsofmine,amongwhomwasmyoldclassmate.我遇见几位朋友,其中一位是我的老同学。
Successwillbelongtothose______neversay“impossible”.
A.whomB.whatC.whoD.which
解析:先行词those,故关系代词用who。
答案:__C__
一、单项选择。
1.Everyonehashisaiminlife.However,youcantgetfatononemouthful.Startwiththeeasiestthing__B__youcancontrol.(2014,哈尔滨)
A.whoB.thatC.which
2.Shirleyisthegirl__C__taughtmehowtouseWechat.(2014,龙东)
A.whomB.whichC.who
3.Yesterdaywasmybirthday.MyfriendsentmeaCD__C__ismadebyHanGeng.(2014,安顺)
A.whoB.whatC.whichD.whom
4.Allthestudentsliketheteachers__B__canunderstandthemwell.(2014,孝感)
A.whatB.whoC.whomD.which
5.Couldyoutellmetheresultofthediscussion__A__youhadmadeinthemeetingjustnow?(2014,白银)
A.thatB.whenC.howD.who
6.AfterMandelawasfree(自由的)in1990,hechosetoshakehandswiththepeople__D__wantedtokillhim.(2014,临沂)
A.whoseB.whichC./D.who
7.AWechat(微信)isaninvention__A__canhelppeopletalktofriends,sharephotos,ideasandfeelingsfreely.(2014,梅州)
A.whichB.whoC.whoseD.how
8.Lilydoesntknow______sheandherfriendscandotohelpthelittleboy__D__parentshavelefttheirhometownformakingmoney.(2013,兰州)
A.that;thoseB.how;who
C.what;whoD.what;whose
9.Istillrememberthecollegeandtheteachers__C__IvisitedinLondonyearsago.(2013,安徽)
A.whatB.whoC.thatD.which
10.—Doyouknowthegirl__B__withourEnglishteacheroften?
—Yes,hernameisHelen.(2013,鄂州)
A.whomtotalkB.whotalks
C.whoistalkingD.whomtalks
11.Afriendissomeone__A__says,“What!Youtoo?IthoughtIwastheonlyone!”(2013,河南)
A.whoB.whichC.whatD.whose
12.—Whatkindofmusicdoyoulike?
—Ilikemusic__D__Icandanceto.(2013,宜宾)
A.becauseB.whenC.whoD.that
13.Illneverforgetthelesson__B__lastyear.(2013,三亚)
A.thatIlearnB.thatIlearned
C.whatIlearnD.whatIlearned
14.Sheisthegirl__D__inventiongotthefirstprizeintheschoolcompetition.(2013,荆州)
A.whoB.thatC.whichD.whose
15.—Doyouknowthekidwith__D__Bobistalkingoverthere?
—Yes,itsmycousin.(2012,黄石)
A.whoB.thatC.不填D.whom
16.Therewillbeaflowershowinthepark__D__wevisitedlastweek.(2012,广东)
A.whoB.whenC.whatD.which
二、句型转换。
17.Thewomanisinred.Sheismyaunt.(合并为一句)
Thewoman__who_____is__inredismyaunt.
18.Jerrylikesthesongs.Theymakehimexcited.(合并为一句)
Jerrylikesthesongs__that/which_____make__himexcited.
19.Idontknowthegirlunderthetree.(改为含定语从句的复合句)
Idontknow__the_____girl_____who_____is__underthetree.
20.Thewomanwithabookinherhandisourmathteacher.(改为含定语从句的复合句)
Thewoman__who_____has_____a_____book__inherhandisourmathteacher.
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