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中考英语语法精讲例析数词

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中考英语语法精讲例析数词

?(一)知识概要

?数词用来表示人或物的数目多少和顺序。所以数词主要有两种:基数词,用于计数,如:one,two…而序数词用于表示位置先后或次序,台:first?second…其构成法如下:?

阿拉伯数字基数词序数词简写序数词

1onefirst1st

2twosecond2nd

3threethird3rd

4fourfourth4th

5fivefifth5th

6sixsixth6th

7sevenseventh7th

8eighteighth8th

9nineninth9th

10tententh10th

11eleveneleventh11th

12twelvetwelfth12th

13thirteenthirteenth13th

14fourteenfourteenth14th

15fifteenfifteenth15th

16sixteensixteenth16th

17seventeenseventeenth17th

18eighteeneighteenth18yh

19nineteennineteenth19th

20twentytwentieth20th

21twenty-onetwenty-first21st

30thirtythirtieth30th

40fortyfortieth40th

50fiftyfiftieth50th

60sixtysixtieth60th

70seventyseventieth70th

80eightyeightieth80th

90ninetyninetieth90th

100a(one)hundredhundredth100th

104onehundredandfourhundredandfourth104th

1000a(one)thounsandthounsandth1000th

10000tenthounsandtenthounsandth10000th

1000000onemillionmillionth1000000th

基数词与序数词都有一定的构成方法,但都有特殊例外的几个字,所以除了要学会一般构成法之外,还要特别记熟一些例外。因它们在考试中出现的频率很高。

?1?基数词构成结构

?21~99的两位数字,在10位和个位之间加连字符构成,如89-eighty-nine.?101~999的三位数字,由hundred加and再加二位数或未位数字,如:101-onehundredandone,223-twohundredandtwenty-three.?四位以上数字,应从个位起向前数三位加逗号,读作thousand,再数三位加第二个逗号,读作million,再数三位加逗号,读作billion,其读法如下:

?1001-onethousandandone?5386-fivethousand,threehundredandeighty-six?要注意的是hundred,thousand,million与billion的用法。①前面有别的基数词时,即若干个百、千、百万、十亿时,其本身都不要加s,如:threehundredstudents。②若表示成百,成千或数百,数千时,前面不能有基数词,但其本身要用复数形式,然后+of+名词复数。如:thousandsandthousandsof。(成千上万)

?2?序数词的构成法

?序数词除first,second,third以外,其余一般在词尾加th构成,除一般略有差异的各别数词外,很容易掌握。其二位数或多位数只将后面的个位数字改为序数词,其前面各位数字均不改变,都用基数词。

?3?其他数字表示法

?小数的小数点读作point,零读作o[?u]或zero,小数点后面的数字按个位基数词依次读出。?分数分子用基数词,分母用序数词,当分子大于1时,分数要在序数词上加s,但1/2用onehalf,14用aquarter.13读作onethird而23读作twothirds。?百分数(%),读作percent(percent),但不论是多少均用作单数形式不能加s。?表示日期有两种说法和四种写法,如:2月1号英语表达法为:thefirstofFebruary而美语为February(the)first,但其书写上可有四种写法① February1②February1st③1stFebruary④1/2。?倍数的讲法有所不同。两倍用twice,而三倍以上用序数词加times,如:HehasthreetimesasmanybooksasIhave.

?(二)正误辨析

?[误]1107shouldbereadasathousandahundredasseven.

?[正]1107shouldbereadasonethousandonehundredandseven.

?[析]在读数字时,如:and前只有百或千时,用onehundred/onethousand还是ahundred/athousand全是可以的。但如果文有百又有千时,则只能用one不要用a。如果没有and时,如:1100也只能读作onethousandonehundred或elevenhundred.

?[误]Idroveabouthalfmile.

?[正]Idroveabouthalfamile.

?[析]半小时为halfanhour,半天为halfaday,半镑为halfapound,尽量避免用halfayear,halfamonth,要用sixmonths,twoweeks或fifteendays要注意的是Halfoftheworkisdone?Halfofthebooksaresold.当Half作名词时,其谓语动词要看of后面的名词而定。如名词是不可数名词则用单数谓语动词,如是复数名词时,则要用复数谓语动词。要注意的是一个半的表达法,如:Oneandahalfapplesisleftonthetable.其名词要用复数,但谓语动词则要用单数。

?[误]60studentsareplayingontheground.

?[正]Sixtystudentsareplayingontheground.

?[析]在句首的数字要用文字而不要用阿拉伯数字,如数字过大则应放于句中,用阿拉伯数字。如:Thereare166studentsplayingontheground.

?[误]Hebecamefamousaroundfiftyyearsold.

?[正]Hebecamefamousinhisfifties.

?[析]inhisfifties50多岁时,而inthefiflies在50年代。

?[误]Thereareabouttwothousandsworkersinourfactory.

?[正]Thereareabouttwothousandworkersinourfactory?

?[析]几千,几百的表达法是基数词加thousand或加hundred,而且均不要加s。这样的单位还有dozen(打),score(20年)等。

?[误]Inthemorningtherearehundredofoldpeoplewalkinginthepark.

?[正]Inthemorningtherearehundredsofoldpeoplewalkinginthepark.

?[析]当表达数百,数千时,要用hundredsof和thousandsof这一结构。

?[误]Theclassbeginsateighta.m.

?[正]Theclassbeginsat8a.m.

?[析]与符号或与缩写的字母连用时一定要用数字,如:43%,67?,No.2…

?[误]Two?fifthofthebooksaresoldout.

?[正]Two?fifthsofthebooksaresoldout.

?[析]分数表示法,分子用基数词,分母用序数词,但分子大于1时,分母要在序数词后?加s。

?[误]TomwasbornonJulyeighteen.

?[正]TomwasbornonJulyeighteenth.

?[析]月日的表达法有美语和英语两种。?美语July18读作Julyeighteenth?英语July18th读作Julytheeighteenth

?[误]Illgotoschoolat7∶30a.m.inthemorning.

?[正]Illgotoschoolat7∶30a.m/at7∶30inthemorning.

?[析]a.m即表达在早上之意,不要再用inthemorning.

?[误]Thefilmwillbeginatthreequarterspastone.

?[正]Thefilmwillbeginatonequartertotwo.

?[析]大于30分钟时不要使用past,而要用差多少不到几点的to来表达。

?[误]Threetimethreeisnine.

?[正]Threetimesthreeisnine.

?[析]times此处作为"乘"讲一定要加s。?英语中乘除法表达式如下:

算法种类例句

加法一般Fiveandsixiseleven.

正式Fiveplussixis(equals)eleven.

减法一般Eighttakeawayfourleaves(is)four.

FourfromEightleaves(is)four.

正式Eightminusfourequals(is)four.

乘法一般Threefoursaretwelve3×4=12

正式Threetimesfourequals(is)twelve.

一般Twointofouristwo.

正式Fourdividedbytwoequalstwo.

(三)例题解析

?1?-Howmanystudentsarethereinyourschool,Mike?

?-Thereareover___studentsinourschool.

?A.twothousands

B.twothousandsof

C.twothousand

D.twothousandof

?[答案]C.

?[析]有基数词在前面时thousand,hundred等词不能加s,也不能加of结构,只有在thousandsof时才可以使用。JAB88.Com

?2?Johnliveson___floor.Hedoesntusealifttogoupanddown.

?A.nine

B.theninth

C.ninth

D.aninth

?[答案]B.

?[析]序数词前加定冠词,nine与ninth的拼写上有一个e字母相差别。

?3?WuDongwonthegirls___raceintheschoolsportsmeetinglastweek.

?A.100metres

B.100?metres

C.100metre

D.100?metre

?[答案]D.

?[析]数词、名词、形容词等词用连字符连接成的形容词中,名词都不要加s,如:Ihavetowriteatwo?thousand?wordreport.而且由连字符组成的形容词只能放于名词前,不能放于名词后,作后置定语,或用在be动词后作表语。

?4?Thereare___studentsinourschool.

?A.fourhundredtwenty

B.fourhundredandtwenty?

C.fourhundredstwenty

D.fourhundredsandtwenty

?[答案]B.

?5?-Howmanydaysarethereinayear?

?-Thereare___.

?A.threehundredsandsixty?five

B.threehundredssixty?five

?C.threehundredandsixty?five

D.threehundredsixtyfive

?[答案]C.

?6?Wehavelearnedabout___Englishwords.

?A.ninehundreds

B.ninehundred

C.ninehundredof

D.ninehundredsof

?[答案]B.

?7?Autumnis___seasonoftheyear.

?A.third

B.thethree

C.thirds

D.thethird

?[答案]D.

?8?Theyarelearning___now.

?A.LessonEight

B.theeightlesson

C.LessonEithth

D.Eighthlesson

?[答案]A.

?[析]第几课,第几个门……,在英语中有两种说法,①LessonTwo,GateTwo但要注意每一单词的首字母要大写。②thesecondlesson,thesecondgate首字母不要大写,并要注意有些缩写的读法。如:

?p.8-第8页(pageeight)

?$8.50-8.5美元(fivedollarsandfifty)

?电话号码66164532-(six,six,one,six,fourfive,three,two)

?9?Theboywassohungrythatheate___.

?A.threebowlsofrices

B.threebowlofrice

?C.threebowlofrices

D.threebowlsofrice

?[答案]D.

?[析]rice是不可数物质名词,而bowl是可数名词。

?10?Thereare___monthsinayear.

?A.twelve

B.twelf

C.twelveth

D.twelfth

?[答案]A.

相关阅读

中考英语语法精讲例析连词


中考英语语法精讲例析连词

(一)知识概要?

连词是一种在句子与句子之间,短语之间以及名词等其他词语之间起连接作用的虚词,它不能单独作句子的成份。按其意义可分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。?并列连词连接的双方是对等的。常有的并列连词有and,both…and,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,aswellas等。但如果连接的两部分意义不趋向一致,意义有转折的并列连词有:but,however,while(而),only(只不过)。还有表示选择关系的并列连词,如:or,orelse,otherwise…再有的是连接双方,互为因果,或表示前因后果的连词有:for,so,therefore(因此),then等。?从属连词在初中范围内常常用来连接名词性从句,如:that,if,whether,其次用来连接状语从句。其中有原因状语从句,常用的连接词有:whenwhile,as,since,before,after,once,assoonas,until,till连接条件状语的连词有:if,unless,aslongas等,而原因状语的连接词有because,since,as,nowthat(既然)。目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等状语从句的连接词有:sothat,so…that,such…that,as…as,than,where…它们在句子与文章中几乎无处不见。?具体用法见下表。?

连词用法一览表

种类功用例句

并列连词连接具有并列关系的词HeknowsneitherEnglishnorFrench.

短语Areyougoingbybusoronfoot?

分句Marywasagoodgirl,butshehadoneshortcoming.

从属连词引导:状语从句Illdoitasyoutoldme.

Youwillbelateunlessyouhurry.

连接代词和连接副词主语从句Whathesaidprovedtrue.

Whenwellstarthasnotbeendecidedyet.

表语从句Thisiswhyhedidntcomeyesterday.

Thatiswherehelives.

宾语从句ThemanaskedmewhichIlikedbest.?

Icantunderstandwhysheissolate.

关系代词和关系副词定语从句Nicotineisadrugthatgetsoneintothehabitofsmoking.?

HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.

(二)正误辨析?

[误]Bothmyparentsarenothere.Theywenttotheconcertjustnow.?

[正]Neitherofmyparentsishere.Theywenttotheconcertjustnow.?

[析]在英语中both一般用于肯定句中,如用于否定句中,其意义也不同于汉语,如:Bothofusarenotright.在英语中应被理解为"我们俩不都对。"而Neitherofusisright。才能被理解为"我们俩无一正确"。?

[误]Heorhisparentshassometicketsforthefilm.?

[正]Heorhisparentshavesometicketsforthefilm.?

[析]由or连接两主语时,谓语动词应与相临近的那一个主语保持一致。?

[误]Youshouldstudyhard,andyouwontpasstheexam.?

[正]Youshouldstudyhard,oryouwontpasstheexam.?

[析]or作为连词,这里的意思为"否则"。又如:Hurryup,oryoullbelateforschool.

[误]Thoughheispoor,butheisreadytohelpothers.?

[正]Thoughheispoor,heisreadytohelpothers.?

[正]Heispoor,butheisreadytohelpothers.?

[析]"虽然……但是"是中文中的常用结构,但在英文中用了"虽然"则不要用"但是",用了"但是"则不能再用"虽然",二者只可用其一。?

[误]EitheryouorIareonduty.?

[正]EitheryouorIamonduty.?

[析]either…or连接两个主语时,其谓语动词与相临近的一个主语相呼应,这也叫作就近原则。类似的用法还有or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso等。?

[误]TomisourEnglishteacherandteachingEnglishinourschoolnow.?

[正]TomisourEnglishteacherandisteachingEnglishinourschoolnow.?

[析]并列句中常常在后面的句子中作一些省略,以免重复,但不是所有词都可作任意的省略的。当你连接的是两个系动词时,后面的那个系动词不可省略,也就是讲连接的部分不可省略。?

[误]Myfatherlikesswimmingandtocollectstamps.?

[正]Myfatherlikesswimmingandcollectingstamps.?

[析]由并列连词连接的两个部分要保持相等的语法结构。如是动名词则都用动名词,如用不定式则都应用不定式,这是初学者要注意的一点。?

[误]Myfatherisreadinganewspaper,Iamdoingmyhomework.?

[正]MyfatherisreadinganewspaperwhileIamdoingmyhomework.?

[析]两个并列句中间不可用逗号连接,要用并列连词来连接。?

[误]MyfatheraskedmethatifIwantedtolearnhowtodrive.?

[正]MyfatheraskedmeifIwantedtolearnhowtodrive.?

[析]宾语从句的连接词只能有一个不能重复使用。?

[误]WewillgobothtoBeijingandShanghai.?

[正]WewillgotobothBeijingandShanghai.?

[析]用both…and…作连接词时,其相连接的部分结构也要相同。?

[误]NotonlyMarybutalsoherbrothersisgoingtodance.?

[正]NotonlyMarybutalsoherbrothersaregoingtodance.?

[析]由notonly…butalso…连接两个主语时,其重点在其后面的那一个主语,所以谓语形式应采用就近原则。?

[误]Theteacheraswellashisstudentsarecoming.?

[正]Theteacheraswellashisstudentsiscoming.?

[析]由aswellas连接两个主语时,谓语动词与aswellas后面的名词无关,而与前面的名词相一致。?

[误]Tomdoesnotswimnorplayfootball.?

[正]Tomdoesnotswimorplayfootball.?

[析]nor主要用于连接句子的对等连词,如在否定句中连接某一部分时要用or,但要注意句子的含意,如:Thisanimaldoesnotlikeacoworahorse.这个动物既不像牛也不像马。Thisanimaldoesnotlikeacowbutahorse.这个动物不像牛而像马。?

[误]Forthereisnolightintheclassroom.Thestudentsmusthavegonehome.

[正]Thestudentsmusthavegonehome,forthereisnolightintheclassroom.

[析]由for引出的原因状语从句在使用时要注意不能将该从句置于句首,而应置于主句之后,并在主句与从句之间加一逗号。更要注意的是because,as,since与for4个表示原因的连词中because是因果关系,是最强的一个,而for是最弱的一个。有些语法书中干脆把for叫做并列连词

[误]MybrotherwillpasstheEnglishexamisnoquestion.?

[正]ThatmybrotherwillpasstheEnglishexamisnoquestion.?

[析]主语从句的引导词that是不可省略的。这一点不要和宾语从句的引导词相提并论。

[误]Thismapwillshowyouhowwillyougettothehotel.?

[正]Thismapwillshowyouhowyouwillgettothehotel.?

[析]名词性从句作宾语从句使用时,最重要的一点是要用陈述语句。特别要注意的是那些使用双宾语的动词,如:tell,ask,show…?

[误]Whiletheclockstruchten,allthelightswentout.?

[正]Whentheclockstruckten,allthelightswentout.?

[析]while是强调两个动作在同时进行中,如:WhileIamdoingmyhomework,myfatherisreadinganewspaper.而这里的when是"正当某某时刻","就在这一时间点上",其重点强调在某一特定时刻某动作的发生。?

[误]WhileIwaswalkingalongthestreetyesterday,Imetanoldfriend.?

[正]WhenIwaswalkingalongthestreetyesterday,Imetanoldfriend.?

[析]这里用when表达在一个动作的进行中,另一个动作突然发生了。正在进行的动作用一进行时态,而突然发生的动作用一般时态。?

[误]WhileIheardthebadnewsIfeltsad.?

[正]WhenIheardthebadnews,Ifeltsad.?

[析]while不能表达一点儿的时间,即瞬时某一时间点。?

[误]Afterschoolsomestudentsplayfootball,orothersgotothelibrary.

[正]Afterschoolsomestudentsplayfootball,whileothersgotothelibrary.

[析]while在此处意为"而,然而"。?

[误]Shesangwhenshewalkedalongthedarkstreet.?

[正]Shesangasshewalkedalongthedarkstreet.?

[析]as用于句中时,其要点是强调两个动作的同时进行。这里用when虽然不能讲是语法上的错误,但则看不出来小女孩因独自走黑暗的街道因害怕而唱歌的心情。?

[误]Ifinishedmyhomeworkuntiltwelveoclocklastnight.?

[正]Ididntfinishedmyhomeworkuntiltwelveoclocklastnight.?

[正]Ididmyhomeworkuntiltwelveoclocklastnight.?

[析]until用在句中时其含义是某一动作一直持续到某时结束,那么句中的动词则一定要用持续性动词,如果要用瞬间,或截止性动词时一定要用否定句式。因截止性动作的否定式应看作是持续性的动作。如离开leave是瞬间动作,因一出门即为离开了,而不离开则是长时间的。?

[误]IhavestudiedEnglishwhenIwastwelve.?

[正]IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIwastwelve.?

[析]since引出的时间状语从句是表达了一个时间点,而这个时间点是主句动作的启始点,所以主句一般要用完成时态。?

[误]Becausehedidntstudyhard,sohedidntpasstheexam.?

[正]Hedidntpasstheexambecausehedidntstudyhard.?

[析]because与so在英文中两者不能并用的,只能在句中用其一。?

[误]Hewassuchexcitedthathecouldnotspeak.?

[正]Hewassoexcitedthathecouldnotspeak.?

[析]so与such的用法可以分为四种情况,①用于单数可数名词之前,其格式是such+不定冠词+形容词+单数可数名词,如:Itissuchabeautifulbookthateverychildlikesit.也可以用so,其格式是so+形容词+不定冠词+单数可数名词,如:Itwassobeautifulabookthateverychildlikesit.②在不可数名词前或可数名词复数前这时只能用such,如:Itissuchgoodweatherthatwewanttoswim.又如:Theyaresuchgoodstudentsthattheycanpasstheexameasily.③在few,little,much,many这4个字前只能用so而不能用such,如:IhavesomuchmoneythatIcanbuyeverythingIwant.④当that前只有形容词或副词时,这时只能用so,如:Sheissobeautifulthateveryonelikesher.HeransofastthatIcouldntkeepupwithhim.?

[误]Hegotupearlierthismorningsoastothathecouldcatchthefirstbus.

[正]Hegotupearlierthismorningsoastocatchthefirstbus.?

[正]Hegotupsoearlierthathecouldcatchthefirstbus.?

[析]so…that与sothat的用法有相同之处,那就是其后接从句,而soasto其后要接不定式,即动词原形。这样的词组还有:inorderto。?

[误]Iwanttobuysamestampthatyouhave.?

[正]Iwanttobuythesamestampasyouhave.?

[析]thesame…as(that)这是个固定用法,在same前的定冠词是不能少的。而thesame…that意为"我要的就是那一个"。而thesame…as为"要的是和……一样的东西"。

[误]BeforeIdonotgiveyoutheanswer,Illaskyousomequestions.?

[正]BeforeIgiveyoutheanswer,Illaskyousomequestions.?

[析]这种错误是由于受中文的影响。在中文中可以讲"我没给你答案前"。而英文用了before就不要再用否定句了。?

(三)例题解析?

1?WeboughtGrannyapresent,___shedidntlikeit.?

A.butB.and

C.orD.so?

[答案]A.?

[析]由于句意的原因,应选择转折连词。?

2?Runquickly,___wellmisstheearlytrain.?

A.andB.but

C.soD.or?

[答案]D.?

[析]or这里应译为:否则。?

3?Illgivethebooktohim___hecomesback.?

A.sinceB.assoonas

C.beforeD.until?

[答案]B.?

[析]assoonas引出的时间状语从句应用一般现在时表示将来要发生的动作。?

4?Dontcrosstheroad___thelightturnsgreen.?

A.whenB.while

C.untilD.as?

[答案]C.?

[析]until应译为"直到……才",因为前面的祈使句为否定句。又如:Shedidnotgotobeduntilhermothercameback.应译为"直到她妈妈回来她才睡觉"。?

5?MissGaohasbeenateacher___1990.?

A.beforeB.after

C.sinceD.in?

[答案]C.?

[析]因为主句为完成时,所以应用since表示该动作的启始点。?

6?-Whichwouldyoulikebetter,tea___milk??

-Tea,please.?

A.butB.and

C.orD.with?

[答案]C.?

[析]在疑问句与否定句中应用or来表示一种选择。?

7?Welovespring___theresbeautifulflowerseverywhere.?

A.thoughB.but

C.orD.because?

[答案]D.?

[析]因为这里表示的是因果关系。?

8?Pleaseleave___7∶00,thenyoullbeabletoget___thereearlier.?

A.till,inB.from,/

C.before,/D.behind,to?

[答案]C.?

[析]before为在7∶00之前离开。?

9?Theteacherdidntbeginthelesson___allthestudentsstoppedtalking.?

A.untilB.after

C.ifD.because?

[答案]A.?

[析]这句应译为"直到所有的学生都停止讲话老师才开始上课"。因begin为瞬间动词,所以应用否定句。?

10?Bettydidntgotoseethefilmyesterday___shewasill.?

A.butB.until

C.ifD.because?

[答案]D.?

[析]这里是表示因果关系,所以应用because。因为她病了所以未去看电影。?

11?Youmuststartrightnow,___youllmissthetrain.?

A.forB.and

C.soD.or?

[答案]D.?

[析]or译为"否则"。本句句意为:你必须马上走了,否则要赶不上火车了。?

12?___heisachildofsix,hecanreadandwrite.?

A.WhoseB.If

C.ThoughD.Because?

[答案]C.?

[析]这种状语从句在英语中称为让步状语从句,应译为:虽然他才是个6岁的孩子,他却可以读书和写字。?

13?Ilikefish,___chicken,___eggs.?

A.and,andB.and,with

C./,andD.and,/?

[答案]C.?

[析]在有若干个名词或动词出现时,每一个词之间只用逗号连接,只在最后两个词之间加and。如:Theoldmanpassedthestreet,wentintoashopandboughtsomefood。

14?Takethisdictionarywithyou___youmayuseitinclass.?

A.whenB.inorderto

C.butD.sothat?

[答案]D.?

[析]sothat应译为"为的是"。本句句义为:带上字典,为的是在上课时可能有用。而inorderto其后应接动词不定式,如:Takethisdictionarywithyouinordertouseitinclass。?

15?Ihope___willbefinetomorrow.?

A.itB.what

C.whetherD.when?

[答案]A.?

[析]hope后接的是宾语从句,而且宾语从句中少主语,应用it来代替天气。?

16?___shewasnotwell,Idecidedtogowithouther.?

A.ThoughB.As

C.WhenD.Becauseof?

[答案]B.?

[析]as这里应译为"由于"。全句意为:由于她不舒服,我决定不带她去了。而becauseof其后不能接从句只能接宾语。如:Becauseoftheheavyrain,wedecidednottogo。

17?Myauntboughtme___manystorybooksthatIspentalotoftimethem.?

A.such…onB.such…in

C.too…inD?so…on?

[答案]D.?

[析]因many前只能用so来修饰,所以只能选择D选项。而spend…onsomething为在某事上花费时间或钱。如:Shespentalotofmoneyonherclothes。?

18?Motherwascooking___she___aknockatthedoor.?

A.when,listentoB.while,listenedto?

C.while,heardD.when,heard?

[答案]D.?

[析]when在这里应译为:就在那时,那一刻,那一瞬间。?

19?Speakslowly,___wecanunderstandyou.?

A.andB.or

C.ifD.because?

[答案]A.?

[析]and这里是并列连词,应译为:请讲慢些这样我们就会明白你的意思。?

20?YoulllearnEnglishwell___youputyourheartintoit.?

A.ifB.so

C.untilD.or?

[答案]A.?

[析]本句译为:如果你将心放在学习上,你就会将英语学好。这里的语法现象是从句中用一般现在时表示将来。?

21?Iwontletyouin___youshowmeyourpass.?

A.untilB.for

C.sinceD.because?

[答案]A.?

22?Shedidntgotoschool___shewasill.?

A.whyB.because

C.whereD.but?

[答案]B.?

中考英语语法精讲例析名词


中考英语语法精讲例析名词

(一)知识概要

名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法,但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念,而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨把它分为两大类:专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义,专有名词是指:个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称,如,theGreatWall,America…它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词,如pen,worker…它表示单一的个体人或事物;集体名词,如:family,class,team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体;物质名词,如:water,paper…它表示的是一种物质,原材料;而后一种是抽象名词,如:work,time…它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到,但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。见下表。

名词一览表

种类

专有名词

London,John,theCommunistPartyofChina

普通名词类名词nurse,boy,worker,pencil,dog,table

集体名词class,family,army,police,team,people

物质名词water,steel,glass,cotton,wood,sand

抽象名词happiness,love,work,life,courage,honest

功用

主语MyfamilyisnowinNewYork.

表语Hisfatherisascientist.

宾语Weloveourgreatmotherland.

宾语补足语HemadeLondonthebaseforhiswork.

定语Thegirlsaremakingpaperflowesrs.

状语Thecarcosthim1000dollars.

同位语MrBrown,afamousscientist,willcomehere.

名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数,即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算,所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等,如:English,air,water,cotton,work…可数名词是可以用数量加以计算的名词,所以它具有单数形式和复数形式两种。可数名词复数形式的构成规律是:

1.一般情况加s,如:pen—pens,doctor—doctors,boy—boys,其读音规则是在清辅音后读[s],在元音和浊辅音后读[z]。如:map—map,boy—boys.

2.在以s,sh,ch,x结尾的名词后面加es,如:bus—buses,class—classes,其读音为[iz]。

3.以ce,se,ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,其读音为[iz]。

4.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,要将y变为i再加es,读作[z],如:factory—factories,country—countries,family—families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boy—boys,day—days。

5.以o结尾的名词的复数形式一般要加es,但如果o前面是元音字母或外来词,缩写词以o结尾的则只加s,如:tomato—tomatoes,hero—heroes;photo—photos,radio—radios,piano—pianos

6.以f或fe结尾的名词的复数形式要将f或fe变为v再加es,如:knife—knives,leaf—leaves,但有些例外的词如roof的复数形式是roofs。

7.不规则名词的复数形式是要单个记忆的,它没有规律可循,如:man—men,woman—women,child—children,foot—feet,tooth—teeth,mouse—mice

8.单复同形的名词有:fish,sheep,deer…

9.单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people,police等。?名词还有格的变化,其主格可作主语,宾格可作宾语。还有所有格,用来表示人或物的所有,以及领属关系。表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加s其复数形式是s,如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加s,如:astudentsroom,studentsrooms,ChildrensDay.在表示时间、距离、世界、国家……名词的所有格要用s,如:atwentyminuteswalk.但无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构,如:thecapitalofourcountry,thecolouroftheflowers

(二)正误辨析

[误]Pleasegivemeapaper.

[正]Pleasegivemeapieceofpaper.

[析]不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词,这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了,所以造成了这样的错误,因paper在英语中是属于物质名词一类,是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时,要用与之相关的量词来表达,如:twopiecesofpaper.

[误]Pleasegivemetwoletterpapers.

[正]Pleasegivemetwopiecesofletterpaper.

[析]paper作为纸讲是不可数名词,而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词,如:Eachstudentshouldwriteapaperonwhathehaslearnt.

[误]Myglassesisbroken.

[正]Myglassesarebroken.

[误]Iwanttobuytwoshoes.

[正]Iwanttobuytwopairsofshoes.

[析]英语中glasses—眼镜,shoes—鞋,trousers—裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用apairofglasses而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如:Thispairofglassesisverygood.

[误]MayIborrowtworadioes?

[正]MayIborrowtworadios?

[析]以o结尾的名词大都是用加es来表示其复数形式,但如果o前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s就可以了。这样的词有zoo—zoos,piano—pianos.

[误]ThisisaMarysdictionary.

[正]ThisisMarysdictionary.

[析]如名词前有指示代词this,that,thesethose,及其他修饰词our,some,every,which,或所有格时,则不要再加冠词。

[误]Therearemuchpeopleinthegarden.

[正]Therearemanypeopleinthegarden.

[析]可数名词前应用many,few,afew,alotof来修饰,而people是可数名词,而且是复数名词,如:Thepeopleareplantingtreeshere.

[误]Iwantafewwater.

[正]Iwantalittlewater.

[析]不可数名词前可以用alittle,little,alotof,some来修饰,但不可用many,few来修饰。

[误]Thankyouverymuch.Yourfamilyisverykindtome.

[正]Thankyouverymuch.Yourfamilyareverykindtome.

[误]TomsandMarysfamilyarewaitingforus.

[正]TomsandMarysfamiliesarewaitingforus.

[误]Imsorry.Ihavetogo.Tomsfamiliesarewaitingforme.

[正]Imsorry.Ihavetogo.Tomsfamilyarewaitingforme.

[析]集合名词如果指某个集合的整体,则应视为单数,如指某个集合体中的个体则应视为复数。如:Myfamilyisabigfamily.WhenIcamein,TomsfamilywerewatchingTV.即汤姆一家人正在看电视。这样的集合名词有:familyclass,team等。

[误]Donteattoomuchmeats.

[正]Donteattoomuchmeat.

[误]Foodinthatrestaurantisverygood.

[正]Thefoodinthatrestaurantisverygood.

[析]物质名词是不可数名词,在使用中不可以加s,即它没有复数形式。也不可加不定冠词。但如果用于特指某一物质时可以加定冠词。如:Idontlikedrinkingcoffee,butthecoffeeinthatcupisreallygood.

[误]Pleasegivemetwowaters.

[正]Pleasegivemetwoglassesofwater.

[正]Pleasegivemetwocoffees.

[析]物质名词如要加计量时,一定要加量词,?如:twocupsoftea,twoglassesofwater,aglassofmilk,aloafofbread,

apieceofbread,aboxofsugar,

abowlofrice,abottleoforange,

abagofearth

?例:Illtellyouapieceofgoodnews.

但只有coffee可以用coffees来取代manycupsofcoffee.

[误]Canyougivemethenewspaperoftoday?

[正]Canyougivemetodaysnewspaper?

[析]加s构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如:Maryshair,但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用s来构成而不用of结构。如:afiveminuteswalk.

[误]Pleasemakearoomfortheladyintheschoolbus.

[正]Pleasemakeroomfortheladyintheschoolbus.

[析]英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的,

如:room为可数名词时为“房间”,如:IliveinRoom5.而room为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为“请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。”这样的词还有:glass玻璃glasses眼镜stone石头astone一块石头time时间twotimes两次wood木头woods树林

[误]Thereisaflowersgardenbehindmyhouse.

[正]Thereisaflowergardenbehindmyhouse.

[析]名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外,还可以用来修饰另一个名词,这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式,如:shoefactory(鞋厂),postoffice(邮局),eveningpaper(晚报),nightschool(夜校),headmaster(校长),alawschool(法律学院)。但也有例外,如:agoodstrain(货车),sportsmeeting(运动会)。

[误]Mymotherboughttwofishesforsupperthismorning.

[正]Mymotherboughttwofishforsupperthismorning.

[析]英语中有些名词单复同形,如:fish,deer,sheep,Chinese(中国人),means(方法)。所以应讲onefish,twofish,oneChinese,twoChinese.如果讲Therearefivefishesinthepool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。

[误]Maryexpressedherthanktoherboyfriend.

[正]Maryexpressedherthankstoherboyfriend.

[析]英语中有些名词只有复数形式,如:thanks,greens,而有些词单数形式与复数形式有不同的词意。如:clothes为衣服,而cloth则是布,sand沙子,而sands是沙滩。

[误]Iofferedmysonmycongratulationonhissuccess.

[正]Iofferedmysonmycongratulationsonhissuccess.

[析]英语中表示祝贺的词虽有单数形式,但一般要用其复数形式。如握手为shakehands.

[误]WehavefiveGermaninthismeeting.

[正]WehavefiveGermansinthismeeting.

[析]英国人Englishman的复数形式为Englishmen,而German则要加s,因为它不是由国名与man的组合词。

[误]TherearetwoAsinthisword.

[正]TherearetwoAsinthisword.

[析]在大写字母缩写形式的复数表达法中应加s,但如字母是A、I时,为了防止与As和Is相混,则要用s即As,Is

[误]Therearethree6sandtwo3sinmytelephonenumber.

[正]Therearethree6sandtwo3sinmytelephonenumber.

[析]在小写字母与数字的复数形式表达法中要用s

[误]Wehavemanywomanteachersinourschool.

[正]Wehavemanywomenteachersinourschool.

[析]一般组合名词变为复数形式时只将词中心词变为复数如:?

halfbrother—halfbrothers(同父异母或同母异父的兄弟)daughterinlaw—daughtersinlaw,(儿媳)但要注意的是:mandriver—mendrivers(男司机)womandoctor—womendoctors(女大夫)grownup—grownups(成年人)但是boystudent—则变为boystudents

[误]Physicsareverydifficulttolearn.

[正]Physicsisverydifficulttolearn.

[析]虽以s结尾但只能用作单数名词有:科学,学科名字:Physics.Mathematicspolitics游戏名称:bowls专有名称:NiagaraFalls(尼亚加拉瀑布)其他名词:news(消息,新闻)

[误]Thereisapeopleintheroom.

[正]Thereisapersonintheroom.

[正]Thereisamanintheroom.

[析]people是复数名词,不可用作单数,如要用来讲一个人时应用aperson,aman,awoman。同样的词有police.要讲一个警察时则要用apoliceman,apolicewoman。

[误]Whereismyshoe?

[正]Wherearemyshoes?

[析]常常只用作复数形式的词有trousers,pants,shorts(短裤),socks(袜子),shoes,gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一个则要指明,这时还是应用单数形式。如:Wheresmyleftglove?(我左手的手套在哪?)

[误]Ipaidfivepenniesforthesweet.

[正]Ipaidfivepenceforthesweet.

[析]英语中便士有两个复数形式pence用来表达一定数量的钱。而pennies是指一个个的硬币,如:Iwanttochangethisnoteforpennies.我想把这纸币换成硬币。(即一便士一个的硬币)。

[误]Therearemanyfruitintheshop.

[正]Therearemanyfruitsintheshop.

[析]物质名词为不可数名词,但是用来表示种类时则可以用作可数名词,这里应译为各种各样的水果。?

[误]Thereisanewcar.ItisJonesandMarys.

[正]Thereisanewcar.ItisJoneandMarys.

[析]有生命名词的所有格,如果是单数名词则加s如:Maryscar.如果是以s结尾的复数名词则只在s后面加’如:teachersoffices.如果是复数名词但不是以s结尾,则只加’s,如:childrenspalace组合名词的所有格是在最后一个词尾加s如:girlfriend—girlfriendssomeoneelse—someoneelsesaweekorthree—aweekorthrees如名词后有同位语时,则应加在同位语的词尾上,如:Itismygirlfriend,Maryscar.要注意的是当两个名词并列时,如表示归两人共同所有,则在最后一个名词后面加s,如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分别加s,如:ThisisMaryandJoneshome.即Mary与Jone是一家人。这是他们共同的家。而TheseareMarysandJoneshomes.则应译为这里是Mary的家与Jone的家。

[误]Itisreallybeautiful.Itisaworkofnature.

[正]Itisreallybeautiful.ItisaNatureswork.

[析]无生命名词的所有格应用of结构。但是s形式的所有格可用于以下无生命的名词:表示时间的词:todaysnewspaper,atwentyminuteswalk,anhours,rest表示长度的词:threemetresdistance,aboatslength,twentymilesjourney表示重量的名词:twopoundsweight价格名词:twodollarsworth拟人化的名词:Natureswork,natureslesson(大自然的教训)及国家、机关、团体、城市等机构性名词:theuniversityslibrary

[误]Heisanoldfriendofmyfather.

[正]Heisanoldfriendofmyfathers.

[析]这是英语中的一种习惯用法而不要根据语法去推理。如:ThispenisToms.

[误]Myfatherisagoodcooker.

[正]Myfatherisagoodcook.

[析]一般动词加上er后则转意为执行该动作的执行者,如:teach(教)—teacher(老师),think(想)—thinker(思想家),drive(开车)—driver(司机),sell(卖)—seller(卖物者)……但不能总是以此类推,比如cook是动词“做饭”。而cook也可作为名词“厨师”讲,而cooker则为厨具,餐具,即锅、碗、勺等做饭用具。

[误]Theyoungisdancingthere.

[正]Theyoungaredancingthere.

[析]英文中用定冠词加上形容词表示一类人时应按复数名词,如:therich富人,thepoor(穷人),thewise聪明人,但如果用定冠词加形容词来表示事物则要用作单数名词,如:Thebeautifulisstillhere.美丽的风景依旧。

[误]Thestoriesofthebookwaswrittenmanyyearsago.

[正]Thestoriesofthebookwerewrittenmanyyearsago.

[析]这句话的真正主语应是stories,所以应用复数谓语动词。

[误]ThisisoneoftheEnglish?Chinesedictionary.

[正]ThisisoneoftheEnglish?Chinesedictionaries.

[析]oneof意为“……之一”,of后面的名词要用复数形式。

[误]LetsgotouncleWangforsupper.

[正]LetsgotouncleWangsforsupper.

[析]uncleWangs意为“王叔叔家”,doctors意为“医院或私人诊所”。

[误]Ithinkwewillmakeafriendwitheachother.

[正]Ithinkwewillmakefriendswitheachother.

[析]makefriends为习惯用法,即交朋友。

[误]Iwanttotellyoumuchpiecesofgoodnews.

[正]Iwanttotellyoumanypiecesofgoodnews.

[析]news为不可数名词,但加了量词之后则要用many来修饰量词,因量词是可数名词,或可以说Iwanttotellyousomegoodnews.因some即可用在可数名词前,也可用在不可数名词前作形容词,如:Iwanttotellyousomepiecesofgoodnews.

[误]Theteacherwithfivestudentsarecominghere.

[正]Theteacherwithfivestudentsiscominghere.

[析]要注意由with引出的介词短语不是本句的主语,这与连词and有很大的区别,如:Theteacherandfivestudentsarecominghere.这里由介词引出的短语仅仅是teacher的修饰语。

[误]Therearealotofinformationhere,butwedontneedthem.

[正]Thereisalotofinformationhere,butwedontneedit.

[析]information为不可数名词,而用作代替它的词要用it而不能用them.

[误]Manyastudentmakethesamemistakeintheexam.

[正]Manyastudentmakesthesamemistakeintheexam.

[析]manya加可数名词单数,作主语时其谓语动词应用单数形式,但其意为许多学生。

[误]Thechildrenwearverygoodclothtogotoschooltoday.

[正]Thechildrenwearverygoodclothestogotoschooltoday.

[析]英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之词:cloth是物质名词,意为“布”,没有复数形式,而clothing是指衣物的总称,也没有复数形式。clothes是指衣服,但没有单数形式,如:Thisclothingisneededinwarmcountries.Herclothesaremadeoffinecloth.英文中的dress则指较正规的服装,如:aschooldress校服,aneveningdress晚礼服。

[误]IliketostudytheEnglish.

[正]IliketostudyEnglish.

[析]作为一种学科名词前不要用冠词,而作为某一特指学科则要加冠词,如:Iliketostudyhistory.IliketostudythehistoryofAmerica.

[误]TheBrownsisgoingtovisitChina.

[正]TheBrownsaregoingtovisitChina.

[析]定冠词加姓加s,则意为“Brown先生一家人”。所以应用复数谓语动词。此句应译为:Brown先生一家将要访问中国。

(三)例题解析

1.LucyandLily___inthesameclass.

A.amB.isC.areD.be

[答案]C.

[析]由and连接两个单数名词作主语时应按复数名词来搭配谓语动词。

2.Whichisthe___tothebusstop,please?

AroadBwayCstreetDaddress

[答案]B.

[析]这是考察同意词辨析,road是指较宽阔的大道,意为“乡间公路”,而street意为道路两边的建筑物较高,可视为街道之意,而way则多为要到达某地所要经过的途径,还可引深为方式、方法。而address则为“地址”。如:Thereisacarrunningalongthecountryroad.?Iliveat105Parkstreet.CanyoushowmethewaytotheNationalMuseum?

3.Hurryup!Thereis___timeleft.

AlittleBalittleCfewDafew

[答案]A.

[析]因time作为时间讲为不可数名词,所以不可用few,afew来修饰。另外,英文的表达法与中文不同,中文讲,快点,时间不多了,而英文要讲,快点,没时间了。因此,要用little而不用alittle.

4.Howmany___canyouseeinthepicture?

AtomatosBtomatoesCtomatoDthetomato

[答案]B.

[析]用Howmany提问时,其名词要用复数形式,而tomato的复数要加es.

5.— ___isthemeat.Please?

— Tenyuanakilo.

AHowmuchBHowmanyCHowoldDHowlong

[答案]A.

[析]由对话的答语可看出其问句问的是价格。钱数作为整体、价格讲时,不论其值是多少都是不可数名词,要用howmuch提问。

6TheboysnameisJamesAllenGreen.Sohisgivennameis___.

AJamesAllenBAllenGreenCJamesGreenDMr.Green

?[答案]A.

[析]英文的习惯与中文不同,中文是姓在前名字在后,而英文则是姓在最后,其第一个名字是由父母所起的,中间的名字可能是父母、教父所起的,但都可称作givenname,而姓在英文中是familyname.

7Shanghaiisoneofthebiggest___inourcountry.

AcityBcitysCcitysDcities

?[答案]D.

[析]复音字母以y结尾的单词的复数形式要把y变成i再加es。oneof加名词的结构中的名词应用复数。

8Wouldyoupleasepassme___?

Atwopaper Btwopapers

CtwopiecesofpaperDtwopiecesofpapers

?[答案]C.

[析]paper是不可数名词,如讲一张、两张纸时,要用量词piece.

9September10this___Day.

ATeacherBTeachersCTeachersDTeachers

?[答案]D.

10Ionlyhave___breadforlunchtoday.

AabitBabitofClittleDfew

[答案]B.

11“Whatwouldyoulike,Ann?”“Idliketwo___.”

AglassofmilkBglassesofmilk

CglassofmilksDglassesofmilks

?[答案]B.

12Thereisnt___paperinthebox.Willyougoandget___forme?

Aany,someBany,anyCsome,someDsome,any

?[答案]A.

[析]any用于否定句与疑问句,但如果要表达说话者真心实意希望得到肯定答复时,问句中要用some而不要按一般语法规律用any.

13June1stis___.

AChildrensdayBchildrensDay

CChildrensDayDchildrensday?

[答案]C.

14Theseforeignfriendsare___.

AGermanBGermenCGermanyDGermans

[答案]D.

15Allthestudentsarebusy,so___ofthemwillgotothecinema.

AmanyBlittleCafewDfew

?[答案]D.

[析]student是可数名词,而few用于可数名词,意为:几乎没有学生去电影院。

16Therearethree___andseven___inthepicture.

Adeers,sheepsBdeers,sheep

Cdeer,sheepDdeer,sheeps

?[答案]C.

[析]deer与sheep均是单复同形的名词。

?17Whoseroomisthis?Its___.

AmyBKikesandJohns

CourDKikeandJohns

[答案]D.

[析]因为room为单数,所以不可能是Kike的一间与John的一间,应为二者共用的一间房子。

中考英语语法精讲例析冠词


中考英语语法精讲例析冠词

(一)知识概要

冠词在英语中只有3个词,分为两类:不定冠词a与an,定冠词the。a用在以辅音开始的单数名词前,an用于以元音开始的单词前。不定冠词用来表示一类事物中泛指的某一事物,而定冠词则用于特指的某一个或某些事物,可用于不可数名词、可数名词单数及可数名词复数前。

(二)正误辨析

[误]Thisbuildingisanuniversity.

[正]Thisbuildingisauniversity.

[析]a用于以辅音音素开始的单词前,而an用于以元音音素开始的单词前,而不是元音字母开头的单词前。university的第一个音素是[j],所以用a而不要用an。又如:Thereisa“n”intheword.是错句,应为:Thereisan“n”intheword.因字母n的发音的第一个音素是元音。要注意的还有hour因其第一个字母h不发音,所以应该用anhour。例如:

Ineedanhourtofinishthework.

Itisausefuldictionary.

ItisaEuropeancountry.

Iboughtausedcar.

[误]Ineedaumbrellabecauseitlookslikeraining.

[正]Ineedanumbrellabecauseitlookslikeraining.

[析]因umbrella的第一个音素是元音,所以应用an.常用的情况有:anoldman,anEnglishteacher,anelephant,anidea,anhourago,anhonestboy…。

[误]“Canyouhelpme”“Sorry,Iminhurry.”

[正]“Canyouhelpme”“Sorry.Iminahurry.”

[析]不定冠词的主要用法如下:?

1.用来表示一类人或事物,如:Sheisateacher.

2.指某一类人或事物中的一个,如:Anelephantisbiggerthanahorse.

3.泛指某一人或事物,如:Amaniswaitingforyouattheschoolgate.

4.相当于“one”的概念,如:Ijustboughtanewdictionary.

5.其主要的难点是用在固定词组中:

如:haveawalk/arest/alook

又如:inahurry匆匆忙忙

makeaface作鬼脸

dosomebodyafavour帮某人忙

anumberof=many

又如:haveagoodtime(玩得好)

haveacold(感冒)

haveaheadache(头痛)

haveabreak=havearest

[误]Iboughtthedictionaryyesterday.Adictionaryisverygood.

[正]Iboughtadictionaryyesterday.Thedictionaryisverygood.

[析]在文章中第一次提到某物时用不定冠词,而第二次提到时用定冠词。?

[误]Pleaseturnofflightsbeforeyouleave.

[正]Pleaseturnoffthelightsbeforeyouleave.

[析]虽然是第一次提到某物但说话双方均知其所指,也应用定冠词。?

[误]Therearenineplanetsaroundasun.

[正]Therearenineplanetsaroundthesun.

[析]世上独一无二的天体等名词前应加定冠词,如:theearth,themoon,thesun,thesky,thesea.

[误]Iliveonasecondfloorofthisbuilding.

[正]Iliveonthesecondfloorofthisbuilding.

[析]在序数词,形容词最高级前要用定冠词。如:Heistheoldestinthefamily.

[误]Iwanttolearnthesecondlanguagethisterm.

[正]Iwanttolearnasecondlanguagethisterm.

[析]在序数词的含意不是顺序中的第一第二,而其意在于再学一个,再来一个时,应用a,本句的意思应为:这学期我要学一门第二外语。

[误]Mississippiisoneofthelongestriversintheworld.

[正]TheMississippiisoneofthelongestriversintheworld.

[析]在河流名称前应加定冠词,如:theYellowRiver(黄河)。

[误]Look,thereareAlp.

[误]Look,therearetheAlp.

[正]Look,therearetheAlps.

[析]具体的某一座山不加定冠词,如:MountainTai.但在山名称前加定冠词后,其山名要加s,来表示山脉。theAlps即为阿尔卑斯山脉。如:TheAlpsareinthecenterofEurope.

[误]Timesisoneoftheoldestnewspapersintheworld.

[正]TheTimesisoneoftheoldestnewspapersintheworld.

[析]报刊名称前应加定冠词。?

[误]Richarenotalwayshappy.

[正]Thericharenotalwayshappy.

[析]在形容词前加定冠词表示一类人,而在姓的前面加定冠词,姓后加s表示某一家,如:TheturnersaregoingtomovetoNewYork.

[误]Iliketoeatbreadforbreakfast.Breadsellsinthisshopisverygood.

[正]Iliketoeatbreadforbreakfast.Thebreadsellsinthisshopisverygood.

[析]物质名词特指时也应加定冠词。?

[误]Thesunrisesineast.

[正]Thesunrisesintheeast.

[析]在方向、方位前应用定冠词,如:intheeast,inthewest,inthenorth,inthesouth,inthedirection及inthepast,inthefuture

[误]Doyouknowwhoinventedtelephone

[正]Doyouknowwhoinventedthetelephone

[析]在特定和专有事物或名称前要加定冠词,?

如:theEnglishChannel英吉利海峡

thePanamaCanal巴拿马运河

theSuezCanal苏伊士运河

[误]Wouldyoupleasebuysomefoodforthesupper

[正]Wouldyoupleasebuysomefoodforsupper

[析]泛指一日三餐前无定冠词。?

[误]Iliketoclimbthemountainintheautumn.

[正]Iliketoclimbthemountaininautumn.

[析]一年四季前不用定冠词,如:Springisthebestseasoninayear.

[误]Sometimesmyparentscometoschooltoseeme.

[正]Sometimesmyparentscometotheschooltoseeme.

[析]有些名词被用作其本身原来所含目的时不加冠词,如:gotoschool上学,leaveschool(辍学),afterschool(放学),但如果当建筑物讲时应加冠词,如例句中其父母来校不是上学,而是看望孩子,则要加定冠词。又如,Hewasinhospitalfortwodays.(他在医院住院两天了。)而:Hewenttothehospitaltoseehismother.他去医院看望他的母亲。

[误]Iboughtasamedictionaryasshebought.

[正]Iboughtthesamedictionaryasshebought.

[析]在惯用法thesame,theonly,thevery前的定冠词不可换为不定冠词。

[误]Thepolicecaughtthethiefbyhisarm.

[正]Thepolicecaughtthethiefbythearm.

[析]这是英文表达法与中文的明显不同之处,也是初学者极易忽视之处。在英语中的某些动词,如:catch(抓),take(拿),strike(打),pat(拍),hit(击),hold(握),pull(拉)…动词后应加人,再加介词on,by,in,with…之后要加定冠词,再加人体的某一部位。这时的定冠词千万不要换作his,her,their,等词。

[误]Hewaspaidbyhour.

[正]Hewaspaidbythehour.

[析]by和计量单位之间要有定冠词。这句话应译为:他的工资是按小时计算的。

[误]IwenttoNewYorkbyhiscar.

[正]IwenttoNewYorkbycar.

[正]IwenttoNewYorkinhiscar.

[析]by仅仅与交通工具相连表示应用某种工具,而加了别的修饰词后其前面的介词也应作相应的转换。如:bycar(坐小汽车)bytaxi(坐出租车)bybike(骑自行车)bywater(乘船)byair(乘飞机)bysea(乘船)

[误]Marybegantolearnhowtoplaypianowhenshewasthree.

[正]Marybegantolearnhowtoplaythepianowhenshewasthree.

[析]在乐器前要加定冠词,而在球类游戏之前则不要加冠词,如:Theyliketoplaybridgewhentheyarefree.(他们空闲时爱打桥牌)

[误]Thelittleboywantedtogotocinema.

[正]Thelittleboywantedtogotothecinema.

[析]英语中虽有一些名词与goto连用时不加定冠词,以表示该名词的内涵,如:gotoschool(上学),gotobed(睡觉)等,但去看电影则例外,要用gotothecinema.这也是语言的一个特点。

[误]Iliveat105theLakestreet.

[正]Iliveat105LakeStreet.

[析]街道名称前不用冠词。?

[误]NextsummerholidayIwillgotocountrytoliveonafarm.

[正]NextsummerholidayIwillgotothecountrytoliveonafarm.

[析]country既作国家讲也作乡村讲。作乡村讲时,一定要加定冠词,而且只有单数形式,作国家讲时则可有复数形式。如:Japanisacountry.Japan,China,IndiaareAsiancountries.

[误]Thepicturelooksbetteratthedistance.

[正]Thepicturelooksbetteratadistance.

[析]atadistance意为“离开一定距离”。而inthedistance为“远方,远处”。这样常用的词组有:

asarule(照例)

inahurry(匆忙)

inthemorning/afternoon(上/下午)

inthesun(在阳光下)

intherain(雨中)

inthesameway(同样)

intheshade(在阴凉处)

inthedaytime(白天)

intheend(最终)

ontheotherhand(换句话说)

onthecontrary(相反)

[误]Thelittleboyandgirlwalkalongthestreetahandinahand.

[正]Thelittleboyandgirlwalkalongthestreethandinhand.

[析]这是英语中的习惯用法,如:?

bitbybit(逐渐)

dayafter(by)day(一天又一天)

dayandnight(日日夜夜)

facetoface(面对面)

fromAtoZ(自始至终)

fromtimetotime(再三)

handinhand(手拉手)

shoulderbyshoulder(肩并肩)

(三)例题解析

1MrLiis___oldworker.

AaBanCsomeD/

[答案]B.

[析]an用于元音音素开始的单词前。

2Englishis___usefullanguagein___world.

Aan,theBa,theCthe,/D/,the

[答案]B.

[析]因useful的第一个音素是[j],它是辅音音素。

3What___interestingbookitis?

AaBanCtheD/

[答案]B.

[析]这是感叹句,因为移到原一般句前面的强调部分中有可数名词book,所以应加冠词,而interesting的第一音素是元音所以要加an。

4Hewillbebackin___hour.

A/BtheCaDan?

[答案]D.

[析]因hour的首字母h不发音。

5Thereis___mapintheclassroom.___mapisonthewall.

Aa,ABthe,TheCa,TheDthe,A

[答案]C.

[析]在文章中首次提到某人或某物时用不定冠词,而第二次再提到该物或人时应用定冠词。

6Lookat___picture!Theres___houseinit.

Aa,aBthe,theCa,theDthe,a

?[答案]D.

[析]虽然是第一次提到,但在句中的语言是让对方看某一特定的图画,所以应选择D。

7Thereis___orangeinthebottle.

AaBanCtheD/

?[答案]D.

[析]这里的orange是指桔汁而不是一个个的桔子。

8Beijingis___capitalofourcountry.

AtheBanC/Da

?[答案]A.

[析]capital之后有of结构则要用定冠词。

9IfyouworkhardatEnglish,youllget___“A”inthetest.

AanB/CtheDa

?[答案]A.

[析]因字母A的第一音素是元音。

10Heusuallygoestoschoolon___foot.

AaBanCtheD/

?[答案]D.

[析]onfoot意为走路上学,是习惯用法。

(一)知识概要

冠词在英语中只有3个词,分为两类:不定冠词a与an,定冠词the。a用在以辅音开始的单数名词前,an用于以元音开始的单词前。不定冠词用来表示一类事物中泛指的某一事物,而定冠词则用于特指的某一个或某些事物,可用于不可数名词、可数名词单数及可数名词复数前。

(二)正误辨析

[误]Thisbuildingisanuniversity.

[正]Thisbuildingisauniversity.

[析]a用于以辅音音素开始的单词前,而an用于以元音音素开始的单词前,而不是元音字母开头的单词前。university的第一个音素是[j],所以用a而不要用an。又如:Thereisa“n”intheword.是错句,应为:Thereisan“n”intheword.因字母n的发音的第一个音素是元音。要注意的还有hour因其第一个字母h不发音,所以应该用anhour。例如:

Ineedanhourtofinishthework.

Itisausefuldictionary.

ItisaEuropeancountry.

Iboughtausedcar.

[误]Ineedaumbrellabecauseitlookslikeraining.

[正]Ineedanumbrellabecauseitlookslikeraining.

[析]因umbrella的第一个音素是元音,所以应用an.常用的情况有:anoldman,anEnglishteacher,anelephant,anidea,anhourago,anhonestboy…。

[误]“Canyouhelpme”“Sorry,Iminhurry.”

[正]“Canyouhelpme”“Sorry.Iminahurry.”

[析]不定冠词的主要用法如下:?

1.用来表示一类人或事物,如:Sheisateacher.

2.指某一类人或事物中的一个,如:Anelephantisbiggerthanahorse.

3.泛指某一人或事物,如:Amaniswaitingforyouattheschoolgate.

4.相当于“one”的概念,如:Ijustboughtanewdictionary.

5.其主要的难点是用在固定词组中:

如:haveawalk/arest/alook

又如:inahurry匆匆忙忙

makeaface作鬼脸

dosomebodyafavour帮某人忙

anumberof=many

又如:haveagoodtime(玩得好)

haveacold(感冒)

haveaheadache(头痛)

haveabreak=havearest

[误]Iboughtthedictionaryyesterday.Adictionaryisverygood.

[正]Iboughtadictionaryyesterday.Thedictionaryisverygood.

[析]在文章中第一次提到某物时用不定冠词,而第二次提到时用定冠词。?

[误]Pleaseturnofflightsbeforeyouleave.

[正]Pleaseturnoffthelightsbeforeyouleave.

[析]虽然是第一次提到某物但说话双方均知其所指,也应用定冠词。?

[误]Therearenineplanetsaroundasun.

[正]Therearenineplanetsaroundthesun.

[析]世上独一无二的天体等名词前应加定冠词,如:theearth,themoon,thesun,thesky,thesea.

[误]Iliveonasecondfloorofthisbuilding.

[正]Iliveonthesecondfloorofthisbuilding.

[析]在序数词,形容词最高级前要用定冠词。如:Heistheoldestinthefamily.

[误]Iwanttolearnthesecondlanguagethisterm.

[正]Iwanttolearnasecondlanguagethisterm.

[析]在序数词的含意不是顺序中的第一第二,而其意在于再学一个,再来一个时,应用a,本句的意思应为:这学期我要学一门第二外语。

[误]Mississippiisoneofthelongestriversintheworld.

[正]TheMississippiisoneofthelongestriversintheworld.

[析]在河流名称前应加定冠词,如:theYellowRiver(黄河)。

[误]Look,thereareAlp.

[误]Look,therearetheAlp.

[正]Look,therearetheAlps.

[析]具体的某一座山不加定冠词,如:MountainTai.但在山名称前加定冠词后,其山名要加s,来表示山脉。theAlps即为阿尔卑斯山脉。如:TheAlpsareinthecenterofEurope.

[误]Timesisoneoftheoldestnewspapersintheworld.

[正]TheTimesisoneoftheoldestnewspapersintheworld.

[析]报刊名称前应加定冠词。?

[误]Richarenotalwayshappy.

[正]Thericharenotalwayshappy.

[析]在形容词前加定冠词表示一类人,而在姓的前面加定冠词,姓后加s表示某一家,如:TheturnersaregoingtomovetoNewYork.

[误]Iliketoeatbreadforbreakfast.Breadsellsinthisshopisverygood.

[正]Iliketoeatbreadforbreakfast.Thebreadsellsinthisshopisverygood.

[析]物质名词特指时也应加定冠词。?

[误]Thesunrisesineast.

[正]Thesunrisesintheeast.

[析]在方向、方位前应用定冠词,如:intheeast,inthewest,inthenorth,inthesouth,inthedirection及inthepast,inthefuture

[误]Doyouknowwhoinventedtelephone

[正]Doyouknowwhoinventedthetelephone

[析]在特定和专有事物或名称前要加定冠词,?

如:theEnglishChannel英吉利海峡

thePanamaCanal巴拿马运河

theSuezCanal苏伊士运河

[误]Wouldyoupleasebuysomefoodforthesupper

[正]Wouldyoupleasebuysomefoodforsupper

[析]泛指一日三餐前无定冠词。?

[误]Iliketoclimbthemountainintheautumn.

[正]Iliketoclimbthemountaininautumn.

[析]一年四季前不用定冠词,如:Springisthebestseasoninayear.

[误]Sometimesmyparentscometoschooltoseeme.

[正]Sometimesmyparentscometotheschooltoseeme.

[析]有些名词被用作其本身原来所含目的时不加冠词,如:gotoschool上学,leaveschool(辍学),afterschool(放学),但如果当建筑物讲时应加冠词,如例句中其父母来校不是上学,而是看望孩子,则要加定冠词。又如,Hewasinhospitalfortwodays.(他在医院住院两天了。)而:Hewenttothehospitaltoseehismother.他去医院看望他的母亲。

[误]Iboughtasamedictionaryasshebought.

[正]Iboughtthesamedictionaryasshebought.

[析]在惯用法thesame,theonly,thevery前的定冠词不可换为不定冠词。

[误]Thepolicecaughtthethiefbyhisarm.

[正]Thepolicecaughtthethiefbythearm.

[析]这是英文表达法与中文的明显不同之处,也是初学者极易忽视之处。在英语中的某些动词,如:catch(抓),take(拿),strike(打),pat(拍),hit(击),hold(握),pull(拉)…动词后应加人,再加介词on,by,in,with…之后要加定冠词,再加人体的某一部位。这时的定冠词千万不要换作his,her,their,等词。

[误]Hewaspaidbyhour.

[正]Hewaspaidbythehour.

[析]by和计量单位之间要有定冠词。这句话应译为:他的工资是按小时计算的。

[误]IwenttoNewYorkbyhiscar.

[正]IwenttoNewYorkbycar.

[正]IwenttoNewYorkinhiscar.

[析]by仅仅与交通工具相连表示应用某种工具,而加了别的修饰词后其前面的介词也应作相应的转换。如:bycar(坐小汽车)bytaxi(坐出租车)bybike(骑自行车)bywater(乘船)byair(乘飞机)bysea(乘船)

[误]Marybegantolearnhowtoplaypianowhenshewasthree.

[正]Marybegantolearnhowtoplaythepianowhenshewasthree.

[析]在乐器前要加定冠词,而在球类游戏之前则不要加冠词,如:Theyliketoplaybridgewhentheyarefree.(他们空闲时爱打桥牌)

[误]Thelittleboywantedtogotocinema.

[正]Thelittleboywantedtogotothecinema.

[析]英语中虽有一些名词与goto连用时不加定冠词,以表示该名词的内涵,如:gotoschool(上学),gotobed(睡觉)等,但去看电影则例外,要用gotothecinema.这也是语言的一个特点。

[误]Iliveat105theLakestreet.

[正]Iliveat105LakeStreet.

[析]街道名称前不用冠词。?

[误]NextsummerholidayIwillgotocountrytoliveonafarm.

[正]NextsummerholidayIwillgotothecountrytoliveonafarm.

[析]country既作国家讲也作乡村讲。作乡村讲时,一定要加定冠词,而且只有单数形式,作国家讲时则可有复数形式。如:Japanisacountry.Japan,China,IndiaareAsiancountries.

[误]Thepicturelooksbetteratthedistance.

[正]Thepicturelooksbetteratadistance.

[析]atadistance意为“离开一定距离”。而inthedistance为“远方,远处”。这样常用的词组有:

asarule(照例)

inahurry(匆忙)

inthemorning/afternoon(上/下午)

inthesun(在阳光下)

intherain(雨中)

inthesameway(同样)

intheshade(在阴凉处)

inthedaytime(白天)

intheend(最终)

ontheotherhand(换句话说)

onthecontrary(相反)

[误]Thelittleboyandgirlwalkalongthestreetahandinahand.

[正]Thelittleboyandgirlwalkalongthestreethandinhand.

[析]这是英语中的习惯用法,如:?

bitbybit(逐渐)

dayafter(by)day(一天又一天)

dayandnight(日日夜夜)

facetoface(面对面)

fromAtoZ(自始至终)

fromtimetotime(再三)

handinhand(手拉手)

shoulderbyshoulder(肩并肩)

(三)例题解析

1MrLiis___oldworker.

AaBanCsomeD/

[答案]B.

[析]an用于元音音素开始的单词前。

2Englishis___usefullanguagein___world.

Aan,theBa,theCthe,/D/,the

[答案]B.

[析]因useful的第一个音素是[j],它是辅音音素。

3What___interestingbookitis?

AaBanCtheD/

[答案]B.

[析]这是感叹句,因为移到原一般句前面的强调部分中有可数名词book,所以应加冠词,而interesting的第一音素是元音所以要加an。

4Hewillbebackin___hour.

A/BtheCaDan?

[答案]D.

[析]因hour的首字母h不发音。

5Thereis___mapintheclassroom.___mapisonthewall.

Aa,ABthe,TheCa,TheDthe,A

[答案]C.

[析]在文章中首次提到某人或某物时用不定冠词,而第二次再提到该物或人时应用定冠词。

6Lookat___picture!Theres___houseinit.

Aa,aBthe,theCa,theDthe,a

?[答案]D.

[析]虽然是第一次提到,但在句中的语言是让对方看某一特定的图画,所以应选择D。

7Thereis___orangeinthebottle.

AaBanCtheD/

?[答案]D.

[析]这里的orange是指桔汁而不是一个个的桔子。

8Beijingis___capitalofourcountry.

AtheBanC/Da

?[答案]A.

[析]capital之后有of结构则要用定冠词。

9IfyouworkhardatEnglish,youllget___“A”inthetest.

AanB/CtheDa

?[答案]A.

[析]因字母A的第一音素是元音。

10Heusuallygoestoschoolon___foot.

AaBanCtheD/

?[答案]D.

[析]onfoot意为走路上学,是习惯用法。

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