俗话说,居安思危,思则有备,有备无患。高中教师要准备好教案,这是教师工作中的一部分。教案可以让学生更容易听懂所讲的内容,帮助高中教师能够更轻松的上课教学。那么怎么才能写出优秀的高中教案呢?下面是小编精心收集整理,为您带来的《高三英语教案:《Module 1 Unit 1 复习》教学设计》,希望对您的工作和生活有所帮助。
1.an enjoyable and exciting experience 2.be happy with
3.attend an assembly 4.the best way to earn respect
5.devote oneself to study 6.achieve high grades
7.sound like... 8.it’s a struggle for sb to do sth
9a bit challenging 10.give me much encouragement
11.during lunch break 12.for free
13.hold a class party 14.be fond of (doing) sth
15.make a small sculpture 16.look back on
17.with satisfaction 18.surf the Internet
19.take the Art class 20.a car park
21.be available for experiments 22.Each room comes with its bathroom.
23.serve three meals 24.during break times
25.inform sb of/about/that 26.keep sb informed of/ that
27.run a radio club 28.approve of....
29.in charge of/ in the charge of 30.more than
31.do sth for preparation 32.make preparations for/in preparation for
33.on the last day of every month 34.a little nervous
35.on (an/ the)average 36.an academic exchange
37.the former...the latter 38.be independent of/ be dependent on
39.make use of/ make the best of 40.take advantage of
41.opening hours 42.prepare sb.for sth/to do sth
43.be composed of
44.literature cooking extra dessert
45.graduate fluent splendid title
46.somehow dynasty host schoolmate
47.broadcast event (cover the event) outing
48.poet generation literary select
49.elect choose courtyard composition
50.Upon finishing his studies, he started traveling in China.
51.We make sure that we take good care of every student.
52.It is a struggle for me to remember all the faces and names.
53.I found that the home work was not as heavy as what we used to get in my old school.
Module 1 Unit 1 复习(补充)
1.be experienced in../ have experience in… 2.devote much energy to…
3.struggle for/ against/ with… 4.struggle to one’s feet
5.it’s a struggle for sb to do… 6.make the most/best of…
7.take advantage of… 8.somehow or rathter
9.somewhat / anyhow 10.keep sb informed of…
11.be well informed of… 12.prepare for…
13.make preparations for… 14.do…for preparation
15.in preparation for 16.prepare sb for…
17.get/be prepared for… 18.drop (some) subjects
19.follow the main meal 20.mean doing
21.mean to do 22.mean sb to do
23.had meant to do =meant to have done 24.be meant for…/ to do
25.attend a meeting/conference 26.attend class/school/college
27.take part in/ join in/join sb in… 28.attend on../ attend to…
29.make fun of… 30.for fun
31.what fun! 32.have fun
33.It’s great fun to do… 34.miss doing/being done
35.earn one’s living 36.not a little
37.not a bit 38.be free to do
39.achieve success 40.approve the idea
41.play music 42.run a radio club
43.after graduation 44.broadcast some messages
45.require sb to do/ be required to do 46.run after/away/across/into/for
47.sth run out / sb run out of sth 48.in the long run
49.more than ①②③④ 50.no more than
51.no 比较级 than… 52.less than / not more than
53….require doing /…require to be done 54.suggest(sb/sb’s) doing …
55.speak fluent Chinese 56.upon finishing his studies
57.independent study 58.miss the chance to do…
59.develop an interest in… 60.come back to life
61.take up his spare time 62.a piece of cake
63.what’s up? 64.How come +陈述句?
65.please go ahead 66.take your time.
67.It depends/ That depends. 68.out of (the) question
69.lose one’s temper 70.be tired from/ of
71.be based on…./ base…on…
72.定语从句只能用that 不能用which 的7种情况
73.way 做先行词,引导定语从句的关系词有
74.whose + N. = ____________________________ =_________________________________
75.哪些先行词后只能用who
一名优秀的教师在教学方面无论做什么事都有计划和准备,作为高中教师就要在上课前做好适合自己的教案。教案可以让学生们能够在上课时充分理解所教内容,帮助高中教师掌握上课时的教学节奏。那么,你知道高中教案要怎么写呢?小编特地为大家精心收集和整理了“高三英语教案:《Module 1 Unit 3 复习》教学设计”,仅供参考,希望能为您提供参考!
1.be dying to be thin 2.hear from
3.work out 4.another way to stay slim
5.try to lose weight 6.a slim figure
7.be ashamed of... 8.act in a new TV show
9.take weight-loss pills 10.be popular among...
11.The pills really work. 12. feel so energetic
13.recover from liver failure 14.regret doing sth
15.contain a harmful chemical 16.cause my liver to fail
17.send sb to the hospital 18.follow the doctor's advice
19.eat lots of fruit and vegetables 20.damage one's health
21.a slim and attractive figure 22.That isn't worth it.
23.be embarrassed about 24.go on a diet/ diets
25.learn(... )from your story 26.You look great as you are.
27.behind one’s back 28.end in failure
29.in truth 30.stay in shape
31.It sounds fun. 32..on one's own
33.lift weights 34.have side effects on…
35.His hair might fall out 36.take the risk
37.read the post 38.by the way
39.make the most of… 40.do sport
41.feel great sadness 42.a true friend
43.put on weight 44.be great fun
45.way of life 46.along with
47.in the long term 48.skip meals
49.control their weight 50.eat properly and exercise regularly
51.have no time left 52.produce some chemicals
53.feel peaceful and relaxed 54.a good amount of sleep
55.prepare sb for.. 56.the day to come
57.as a matter of fact 58.gain weight
59.follow the suggestions above 60.in no time
重点单词
energetic contain treatment painful attractive pressure prefer waist suffer athlete
side effect fall out affect achievement post
membership including branch downtown freeway midnight equipment get into shape make the most of
expert chip sadness comfort useless approximately skip properly mostly system skin count in count out count down
count on peaceful concentrate amount
loss gain
Module 1 Unit 3 复习 补充
《导学案》
1.work out ①②③④ 2.cause / do damage to
3.cause and effect 4.come into effect
5.bring/ carry sth into effect 6.be of no effect
7.Every minute counts. 8.count on/ upon
9.concentrate on 10.concentrate one’s attention on/upon
11.concentrate one’s efforts on 12.There was a time when…
13.be dying /eager/ thirsty for 14.die down
15.die out 16.die away
17.die of 18.die from
19.The machine doesn’t work. 20.The door won’t open.
21.recover one’s sense/health 22.sth be worth doing/$
23.sth be worthy to be /of being done 24.be worthy of sth
25.as you are/ as it is 26.as/so long as…
27.the other day 28.follow one’s instructions
29.stay fresh 30.I couldn’t agree more.
31.such/ the same…as… 32.It’s two years since I smoked.
33.a common family name 34.return to normal
35.normal body temperature 36.as/ than usual
37.one’s usual seat 38.regular flights
39.common/ordinary/ average people 40.It’s useless doing/ to do sth
41.So it is with…/It’s the same with… 42.a good many/a great number of…
43.a great deal of/ a large amount of 44.a lot of/ a large quantity of
45.(large) amounts of…. 46.large quantities of….
47.many a/an…/ more than one… 48.at a time
49.at one time 50.at no time
51.at times/ from time to time 52.all the time
《课课练》
53.contain vitamins/ sugar… 54.be in a good/bad mood
55. in low / high spirits 56.what for=for what?
57. so what? 58.far from…
59.I regret to say/ tell you… 60.regret (not) doing
61.with two exams to worry about 62.from behind the door/where you sit
63.a no-brainer 64.all thumbs
65.Nothing seems to please her, does it?
66.I told them not everybody could run as fast as you did, didn’t I?
67.Shally, be sure to write to us, will you?
68.I don’t think you could have finished your homework last night, did you?
69.---It’s useless to cry over spoiled milk, isn’t it?
---It’s better late than never. Anyway, no one has expected it, have they?
70. Don’t damage your health for a slim and attractive figure, because it isn’t worth it.
教案课件是老师需要精心准备的,规划教案课件的时刻悄悄来临了。只有规划好教案课件工作计划,才能规范的完成工作!你们了解多少教案课件范文呢?以下是小编收集整理的“高三英语教案:《名词复习》教学设计”,供您参考,希望能够帮助到大家。
本文题目:高三英语复习教案:名词复习教案
1、名词
名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词,专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:
1)个体名词:表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。
2)集体名词:表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。
3)物质名词:表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。
4)抽象名词:表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词,物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词。归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:
名词 专有名词 不可数名词
普通名词 物质名词
抽象名词
集体名词
可数名词
个体名词
1.1 名词复数的规则变化
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
一般情况 加 -s 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps
浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ bag-bags /car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches
以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies
1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数。
如:two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
2) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:
a. 加s,如: photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos;
b. 加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如zero---zeros / zeroes。
3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时:
a. 加s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs;
b. 去f,fe 加ves,如:half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可,如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。
1.3 名词复数的不规则变化
1) child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意:由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women,
如an Englishman,two Englishmen。
但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。
2) 单复同形,
如deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese ,li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin
但除人民币的元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。
3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如:
people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle, the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用,如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。
4) 以s结尾,仍为单数的名
a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,一般是不可数名词,为单数。
b. news 为不可数名词。
c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。例如:
"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes等,若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers等。
6) 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼。
1.4 不可数名词量的表示
1)物质名词
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。
比较:Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数)
These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)
b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,可数。例如:
This factory produces steel. (不可数)
We need various steels. (可数)
c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。例如:
Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。
Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
2) 抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。例如:
four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化
物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量,如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一则建议。
1.5 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。
1) 用复数作定语。例如:
sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室
talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系
2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。例如:
men workerswomen teachersgentlemen officials
3) 有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。例如:
goods train (货车) arms produce 武器生产
customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷
4) 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。例如:
two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路
two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划
1.6 不同国籍人的单复数
国籍 总称(谓语用复数) 单数 复数
中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese
瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss
澳大利亚人 the Australians an Australian two Australians
俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians
意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians
希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks
法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen
日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese
美国人 the Americans an American two Americans
印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians
加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians
德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans
英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen
瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
1.7 名词的格
英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下:
1) 单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如the boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所。
2) 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加" ' ",如:the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。
3) 凡不能加"'s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。
4) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barber's 理发店。
5) 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。例如:
John's and Mary's rooms(两间)John and Mary's room(一间)
6) 复合名词或短语, 's 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如:a month or two's absence 2.
老师职责的一部分是要弄自己的教案课件,大家在认真准备自己的教案课件了吧。只有制定教案课件工作计划,才能对工作更加有帮助!你们知道多少范文适合教案课件?考虑到您的需要,小编特地编辑了“高三英语教案:《代词复习》教学设计”,大家不妨来参考。希望您能喜欢!
本文题目:高三英语语法复习教案:代词复习教案
一、人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:
数 单数 复数
格 主格 宾格 主格 宾格
第一人称 I me we us
第二人称 you you you you
第三人称 he him they them
she her they them
it it they them
例如:He is my friend. 他是我的朋友。
It's me. 是我。
二、 物主代词是表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种,其人物和数的变化见下表。
数 单数 复数
人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
形容词性物主代词 my your his/her/its our your their
名词性物主代词 mine yours his/hers/its ours yours theirs
例如: I like his car. 我喜欢他的小汽车。
Our school is here,and theirs is there. 我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。
三、 指示代词表示"那个"、"这个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。
例如:That is a good idea. 那是个好主意。
四、 表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我们自己"、"你们自己"和"他们自己"等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为
"反身代词"。
例如:She was talking to herself. 她自言自语。
五、 表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有each other 和one another两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么大的区别。
例如:They love each other.他们彼此相爱。
六、 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如anybody, something,no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。
例如:--- Do you have a car? --你有一辆小汽车吗?
--- Yes,I have one. --是的,我有一辆。
--- I don't know any of them. 他们,我一个也不认识。
七、 疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)
例如:Tell me who he is. 告诉我他是谁。
八、 关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、
表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(先行词)。
例如:He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那个人。
3.1 人称代词的用法
1)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语。例如:
John waited a while but eventually he went home. 约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. 约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。
说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中。例如:
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank. 约翰一到就直接去银行了。
2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语。
例如: I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语)
a. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶?
b. -- Me. --我。(me做主语补语= It's me.)
说明:在上面两例句中,her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格,在正式文体中这里应为she和I。
3.2 人称代词之主、宾格的替换
1) 宾格代替主格
a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not 后,多用宾语。
---- I like English. --我喜欢英语。
---- Me too. --我也喜欢。
---- Have more wine? --再来点酒喝吗?
---- Not me. --我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me.
He is taller than I am.
2) 主格代替宾格
a. 在介词but,except 后,有时可用主格代替宾格。
b. 在电话用语中常用主格。
---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。
---- This is she. --我就是玛丽。
注意:在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
I thought it was she. 我以为是她。(主格----主格)
I thought it to be her. (宾格----宾格)
I was taken to be she.我被当成了她。 (主格----主格)
They took me to be her. 他们把我当成了她。 (宾格----宾格)
3.3 代词的指代问题
1)不定代词 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one, 及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可用he, his, him代替。
例如: Nobody came, did he? 谁也没来,是吗?
2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he, she,带有亲切的感情色彩。
例如: Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。
3)指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。
3.4 并列人称代词的排列顺序
1)单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第二人称-> 第三人称 -> 第一人称,即you-> he/she; it -> I。
例如:You, he and I should return on time.
2) 复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:第一人称 -> 第二人称 -> 第三人称,即we ->you->they。
注意: 在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。
a. 在承认错误,承担责任时,
It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和约翰惹她生气了。
b. 在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称,
如:I and you try to finish it. 我和你去弄好它。
c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时。
d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。
3.5 物主代词
1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用。例如:
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。
物主代词有形容词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine, yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的--'s属格结构。例如:
Jack's cap 意为The cap is Jack's。
His cap 意为The cap is his。
2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能
a. 作主语。例如:
May I use your pen? Yours works better. 我可以用一用你的钢笔吗?你的比我的好用。
b. 作宾语。例如:
I love my motherland as much as you love yours. 我深爱我的祖国就像你深爱你的祖国一样。
c. 作介词宾语。例如:
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的去解释。
d. 作主语补语。例如:
The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。
3.6 双重所有格
物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。公式为:a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。例如:a friend of mine, each brother of his.
3.7 .反身代词
1) 1) 列表
数 单数 复数
人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
人称代词 I you he/she/it we you they
反身代词 myself yourself yourself/herself/himself ourselves yourselves themselves
另外:one的反身代词为oneself
2)做宾语
a. 有些动词需有反身代词,如absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave等。例如:
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。
Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。
b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词,如take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth等。例如:
I could not dress(myself)up at that time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。
注:有些动词后不跟反身代词,如:get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。例如:
Please sit down. 请坐。
3) 用作表语,如结构be oneself。例如:
I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。
4) 用作同位语
The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。
5) 在不强调的情况下,but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:No one but myself(me)is hurt.
注意:
a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错) Myself drove the car.
(对) I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。
b. 但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语。例如:
Charles and myself saw it. 查尔斯和我看见了这件事。
3.8 相互代词
1)相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的。例如:
It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
显而易见,不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。
2)相互代词的句法功能:
a. 作动词宾语;
People should love one another. 人们应当彼此相爱。
b. 可作介词宾语;
Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other. 吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。
说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other, 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多。例如:
He put all the books beside each other/one another. 他把所有书并列摆放起来。
Usually these small groups were independent of each other. 这些小团体通常是相互独立的。
c. 相互代词可加-'s构成所有格。例如:
The students borrowed each other's notes. 学生们互借笔记。
3.9 指示代词
1) 指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词。例如:
单数 复数
限定词 This girl is Mary. Those men are my teachers.
代词 This is Mary. Those are my teachers.
2) 指示代词的句法功能;
a. 作主语。例如:
This is the way to do it. 这事儿就该这样做。
b. 作宾语。例如:
I like this better than that. 我喜欢这个甚至那个。
c. 作主语补语。例如:
My point is this. 我的观点就是如此。
d. 作介词宾语。例如:
I don't say no to that. 我并未拒绝那个。
There is no fear of that. 那并不可怕。
说明1:指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人。例如:
(对)That is my teacher. 那是我的老师。(that作主语,指人)
(对)He is going to marry this girl. 他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词)
(错)He is going to marry this. (this作宾语时不能指人)
(对)I bought this. 我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语)
说明2:That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较:
(对) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
(对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)
(错) He admired that who danced well. (that作宾语时不能指人)
(对) He admired those who danced well. 他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人)
(对) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)
3.10 疑问代词
1) 疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:
指人: who, whom, whose
指物: what
既可指人又可指物: which
2) 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可作限定词。试比较:
疑问代词:Whose are these books on the desk? 桌上的书是谁的?
What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion? 美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?
限定词:Whose books are these on the desk? 桌上的书是谁的?
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States?
哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?
说明1:无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内。例如:
Which girls do you like best? 你喜欢哪几个姑娘?
What girls do you like best? 你喜欢什么样的姑娘?
说明2:Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom, 例如:
Who(m)did you meet on the street? 你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)
Who(m) are you taking the book to? 你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)
To whom did you speak on the campus? 你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词后,不能用who取代。)
说明3: 疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句末。例如:
For what do most people live and work? 大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体)
What are you looking for? 你在找什么?(现代英语)
说明4: 疑问代词还可引导名词性从句。例如:
I can't make out what he is driving at. 我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed? 你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。
3.11. 关系代词
1) 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分。例如:
The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。
该句中whom既代表先行词the girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。
2) 关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that 可指人也可指物,见表:
指人 指物 指人或指物
主 格 who which that
宾 格 whom that that
属 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose
例如:This is the pencil whose point is broken. 这就是那枝折了尖的铅笔。(whose 指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)
He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书。(which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)
说明:非限定性定语从句中,不能用that作关系代词。
3) 关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子。例如:
He said he saw me there, which was a lie. 他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。
说明: 关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。另外,关系代词that在从句中作表语时也可省略,例如:
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew. 我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。
He's changed. He's not the man he was. 他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。
3.12 every , no, all, both, neither, nor
1)不定代词有all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。
2)不定代词的功能与用法
a. 除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词,也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。例如:
I have no idea about it. 我不知该咋办。
b. all 都,指三者以上。all 的主谓一致:all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。例如:
All goes well. 一切进展得很好。
all 通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说 all the book,而说 the whole book。
但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如 all day,all night, all the year;但习惯上不说 all hour,all century。
all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用,如 all China,all the city,all my life,all the way
3)both 都,指两者。
a. both 与复数动词连用,但 both… and…可与单数名词连用。
b. both, all 都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前, be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去,则位于助动词或情态动词之前。例如:
Who can speak Japanese? 谁能讲日本话?
We both(all)can. 我们都不会。
4)neither 两者都不
a. neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
b. 作定语与单数名词连用,但neither… nor 用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。
c. 可用于下列句型,避免重复。例如:
She can't sing,neither(can)he. 她不会唱歌,他也不会。
5)neither 与nor 的比较
a. 如前句是否定式从句,则主句用neither,而不用 nor。例如:
If you don't do it,neither should I. 如果你不干,我也不干。
b. 如后连续有几个否定句式,则用nor,不用neither。例如:
He can't sing,nor dance,nor skate. 他不会唱歌,不会跳舞,也不会滑冰。
3.13 none, few, some, any, one, ones
一、 none 无
1) none作主语,多与of 构成短语 none of。 在答语中,none可单独使用。例如:
Are there any pictures on the wall? 墙上有画吗?
None. 没。
2) none作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语,则其单复数与表语一致。例如:
It is none of your business. 闲事莫管。
二、few 一些,少数
few 作主语时,谓语动词用复数,多用于肯定句。
三、some 一些
1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。
2) 当做"某一"解时,也可与单数名词连用。(= a certain)
You will be sorry for this some day. 总有一天,你会为此后悔的。
A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule. 有些人不同意你的看法。
注意:
(1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。
(2)some用于其他句式中:
a.肯定疑问句中:说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时。
Would you like句式中,表委婉请求或建议。例如:
Would you like some coffee? 喝咖啡吗?
b.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时。例如:
If you need some help,let me know. 需要帮助,跟我说。
c.some位于主语部分。例如:
Some students haven't been there before. 有些学生没去过那儿。
d.当否定的是整体中的部分时,some可用于否定句。例如:
I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years. 这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。
四、any 一些
1) any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。
当句中含有任何的意思时,any可用于肯定句。
Here are three novels. You may read any. 这有三本小说,你可任读一本。
五、one, 复数形式为ones
ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前,则用some, any,而不用ones。例如:
Have you bought any rulers? 买尺了吗?
Yes, I 've bought some. 买了,买了几把。
3.14 one,that 和it
one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it 与所指名词为同一个。例如:
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。
I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.( 同一物)我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。
3.15 one/another/the other
one… the other 只有两个
some… the others 有三个以上
one… another,another…
some… others,others…
others = other people/things
the others = the rest 剩余的全部
1) 泛指另一个用another。
2) 一定范围内两人(物),一个用one,另一个用the other。
3) 一定范围内三者,一个用one,另一个用one (another),第三个可用the other,a third。
4) 一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others。
5) 泛指别的人或物时,用others当在一定范围内,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部时,也用others。
3.16 “the”的妙用
He is one of the students who help me.
He is the one of the students who helps me. 他是帮我的学生之一。
第一句定语从句与the students 一致。
第二句定语从句与the one 一致。
3.17 anyone/any one;no one/none;every/each
1.anyone 和 any one
anyone仅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。
2.no one 和none
a) none 后跟of短语,既可指人又可指物,而no one只单独使用,只指人。
b) none 作主语,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。例如:
None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。
---- Did any one call me up just now? --刚才有人打电话给我吗?
---- No one. --没有。
3.every 和each
1) every 强调全体的概念, each强调个体概念。例如:
Every student in our school works hard. 我们学校的学生都很用功。
Each student may have one book.. 每个学生都可有一本书。
2) every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个),each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。
3) every 只作形容词,不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。例如:
Every boy has to take one. 每个男孩必须取一个。
Each boy has to take one.
Each of the boys has to take one.
4) every不可以作状语,each可作状语。
5) every 有反复重复的意思,如 every two weeks等; each没有。
6) every 与not 连用,表示部分否定; each 和not连用表示全部否定。例如:
Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。
Each man is not honest. 这儿每个人都不诚实。
3.18 both, either, neither, all, any, none
这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be 动词之后,行为动词之前或第一个助动词之后。
1) both (两者都),either(两者中任何一个),neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。例如:
Neither of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都不聪明。
2) both,either
both与复数连用,either与单数连用。例如:
Both the boys are clever. 两个男孩都很聪明。
Either of the two boys is clever.
There are flowers on both sides of the street. 路边长满了野花。
There are flowers on either side of the street.
3) all (所有的,全部的人或物),any (任何一个), none (都不)。 以上词使用范围为三者以上。例如:
All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都谢了。
I don't like any of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
I like none of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
注意:all与none用法一样。跟单数名词,用单数动词;跟复数名词,用复数动词。例如:
All of the students are there. 所有的学生都在那。
All (of) the milk is there. 所有的牛奶都在那。
3.19 many, much
Many,much都意为"许多", many + 可数名词,much + 不可数名词。例如:
How many people are there at the meeting? 多少人出席了会议。
How much time has we left? 还剩多少时间?
Many of the workers were at the meeting.许多工人在开会。
Much of the time was spent on learning.学习上化了许多时间。
3.20 few, little, a few, a little
(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
a few / a little 为肯定含义,还有一点
few / little 为否定含义,没有多少了。例如:
He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。
He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。
There is little time left. 几乎没剩下什么时间了。
固定搭配:only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many) many a (=many)。例如:
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书。
典型例题:
Although he 's wealthy,he spends___ on clothes.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
答案: A. spend所指的是钱,不可数,只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定含义,因此应用little表示几乎不。
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