教案课件是老师上课中很重要的一个课件,大家应该要写教案课件了。只有制定教案课件工作计划,新的工作才会如鱼得水!你们会写适合教案课件的范文吗?小编特地为您收集整理“2014年中考英语语法总复习”,仅供您在工作和学习中参考。
2014年中考英语语法总复习(精华版)
Ⅰ词类。
词类英语名称意义例词
名词TheNoun(缩写为n)表示人或事物的名称Basket,mouth,hospital,year,train
冠词TheArticle(art)用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物a,an,the
代词ThePronoun(pron)用来代替名词、形容词或数词They,his,him,mine,which,all
形容词TheAdjective(adj)用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征Long,empty,heavy,different,cheap,hungry
数词TheNumeral(num)表示数量或顺序Three,thirteen,twenty,second
动词TheVerb(v)表示动作或状态Hear,write,swim,eat,borrow,sing
副词TheAdverb(adv)修饰动词、形容词或其他副词Quickly,early,out,soon,then,sometimes
介词ThePreposition(prep)表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系From,with,at,into,behind,between,for
连词TheConjunction(conj)用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句And,or,but,so,because
感叹词TheInterjection(interj)表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感Oh,hey,ouch,well,there,dear
(一)名词:
专有名词:表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如China,John,London,theUSA,Harbin.
个体名词:表示单个的人或事物。如boat,chair,desk,apple.
集体名词:表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如family,people,class,police.可数名词
普通名词物质名词:表示无法分为个体的物质。如water,air,tea,sea,money,cotton.
抽象名词:表示抽象概念的词。如health,help,work,friendship.不可数名词
2.名词的数。可数名词有单复数,不可数名词没有单复数。X|k|B|1.c|O|m
3.名词的格:名词有三个格:主格(作主语)、宾格(作宾语)、和所有格。其中只有名词的所有格有形式变化。
(二)冠词
1.定冠词-the.
○1特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。Thestudentsareverygood.
○2说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物。Whereisthetoilet?
○3重复提到上文的人或事物。Ihaveacat,thecatiswhiteandblack.
○4表示世界上独一无二的事物。Themoonmovesaroundtheearth.
○5形容词最高级和序数词前和表示方位的名词前。Iamtheoldest.Heisthefirsttoschool.Iliveinthesouth.
○6乐器的名称前常用定冠词-the。Ilikeplayingthepiano/violin.
○7和某些形容词连用,使形容词名词化,代表某一类人。Weshouldhelpthepoor.
○8放在某些专有名词前。WewillgotovisittheGreatWallnextweek.thepeople’sRepublicofChina.
○9放在姓氏的复数形式前,表示全家人或夫妇两人。TheWhitesarewatchingTV.
○10固定词组中。Inthemorning/afternoon/evening.
2.不定冠词-a/an.
○1指人或事物的某一种类。Ahorseisausefulanimal.Atablehasfourlegs.
○2指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。Passmeapencil,please.Wewritewithapen.
○3指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。Thebookwaswrittenbyapeasant.Lastmonthwewereworkinginafactory.
○4不定冠词还可以指“事物的单位”,如“每日”、“每斤”等。Hereisaletterforyou.Themeatis18yuanakilo.
3.零冠词。
○1泛指人类或男女。Manwillconquernature.
○2抽象名词在用来表示它的一般概念时,通常不加冠词。Knowledgebeginswithpractice.
○3有些个体名词有时可以转化成具有抽象意义,其前面也常不加冠词。Wehadbettersendhimtohospitalatonce.
○4在专有名词前一般不用冠词。Chinaisagreatcountry.MrSmithisanartist.
○5在三餐饭何球类运动名称之前不用冠词。Heoftengoesoutforawalkaftersupper.SometimesIplaybasketball.
○6在节假日、星期几、月份、季节等名词前。October10thisTeachers’Day.
○7称呼语或表示头衔、职务的名词前不用冠词。Grannyissleepingnow.Wecallhimmonitor.
○8在语言名词前,名词前有指示代词、物主代词或数词时,不用冠词。Thisishisbook.IcanspeakEnglish.
○9不用冠词的惯用语。Atnight/onfood/gototown/athome/inclass/atwork等。
(三)形容词
1.形容词的构成。
○1简单形容词由一个单词构成。Good,long,green,large,bright,interesting,surprised,learned,developing,sleeping.
○2复合形容词由一个以上的词构成。20-minute,second-hand,500-word,8-year-old,three-legged,round-trip,part-time,good-looking.
2.形容词的用法。
○1修饰名词作定语。Sheisabeautifulgirl.
○2作表语。Heisverystrong.
○3作宾语补足语。Letthedooropen.Youmustkeepyourclassroomclean.
○4“定冠词+形容词”表示一类人或物,在句子中可作主语或宾语。Weshouldspeaktotheoldpolitely.
○5大多数形容词既可作表语又可作定语,但少数形容词只能作表语,不能作定语。如:asleep,ill,awake等。
○6有些形容词只能作定语而不能作表语。如:many,little,wooden,golden等。
3.形容词的位置。
○1形容词通常放在它所修饰的名词的前面。Aheavybox.
○2与表示度量的词连用,形容词要放在它所修饰词语的后面。3metrelong.12kilometeraway.
○3与不定代词something,anything,everything,nothing等连用时,可以放在这些词之后。Somethingimportant.nothingserious.
○4当名词前有多个形容词修饰时,一般按下面的词序排列:冠词(包括物主代词、序数词、基数词)-描述形容词(brave,beautiful)-表示形状(大小、长短、高矮)的形容词-表示年龄或新旧的形容词-表示颜色的形容词-表示国籍、出处或来源的形容词-表示材料、物质的形容词-表示用途或类别的形容词-被修饰的词。Mynicesmallbrownleatherbag.thoselargeroundblackwoodentables.
4.形容词的比较级和最高级。(一般加er/est,不规则见表)
○1原级的用法:“……和……相同”
A.肯定句:A+动词+as+形容词原级+as+B.Heisastallasme.
B.否定句:A…+notas+形容词原级+as+B(即A不如B那么…)
A…+notso+形容词原级+as+B=A…+less+形容词原级+than+B.
○2比较级的用法:
A.A+动词+形容词的比较级+than+B.(A比B更…,在这种句型中,比较级前面可用much,even,still,alittle,abit,alot,any,far等修饰,表示“…得多”,“甚至…”,“更…”,“…一点儿”。
B.“比较级+and+比较级”、“moreandmore+部分双音节或多音节的原级”译为“越来越…”。
○3最高级的用法:(个体用-of,范围用-in,最高级前面要用定冠词-the)
A.三种最高级表示法。
最高级:ShanghaiisthelargestcityinChina.
比较级:ShanghaiislargerthananyothercityinChina./ShanghaiislargerthantheothercitiesinChina.
原级:NoothercityisaslargeasShanghaiinChina./NoothercityislargerthanShanghaiinChina.
(四)副词
1.副词的种类:
○1时间副词:often,always,usually,early,ago,already,before,ever,late,now,soon,since,tomorrow,justnow…
○2地点副词:here,there,above,below,outside,anywhere,back,down,home,out,everywhere…
○3方式副词:hard,well,badly,fast,slowly,angrily,simply,carefully…
○4程度副词:very,quite,much,still,almost,little,too,enough…
○5疑问副词:how,when,where,why…
○6关系副词:when,where,why…(引导定语从句)
○7连接副词:how,when,where,why,whether…
○8频率副词:often,seldom,usually,never,sometimes,everyday,always,hardly…
○9其他副词:really,certainly,surely,maybe…
2.副词的用法:
○1作状语:Hecanfinishtheworkeasily.
○2作定语(要后置):ThestudentsherearefromHarbin.
○3作表语:Imustbeoffnow.
○4作宾补,构成复合宾语:Showhimup.Isawhimoutwithmysisterlastnight.
3.副词的比较级和最高级。(一般加er/est,不规则见表)
○1副词的原级:
A.as+副词的原级+as“与…一样”
B.notas(so)+副词的原级+as“与…不一样”
C.too+副词的原级+todosth.“太…而不能”
D.so+副词的原级+that从句“如此…以致于…”
E.副词的原级+enoughtodosth.“足够…能做…”
○2副词的比较级:
A.A+动词+副词比较级+than+B
B.副词比较级前也可以用much,even,still,far,any,alittle,abit,alot等修饰。
C.比较级+and+比较级,表示“越来越…”,themore…themore…表示“越…就越…”
D.副词的最高级前通常不加定冠词the.
(五)数词
1.基数词:
1-1213-1920-90100-
1one13thirteen20twenty100ahundred
2two14fourteen21twenty-one300threehundred
3three15fifteen22twenty-two1,000athousand
4four16sixteen30thirty5,000fivethousand
5five17seventeen40forty1,000,000amillion
6six18eighteen50fifty1,000,000,000abillion
7seven19nineteen60sixty
8eight70seventy
9nine80eighty
10ten90ninety
11eleven
12twelve
2.序数词:
1-1011-1920-90100-
1first1st11eleventh11th20twentieth20th100onehundredth100th
2second2nd12twelfth12th21twenty-first21st103onehundredandthird103rd
3third3rd13thirteenth13th30thirtieth30th134onehundredandthirty-fourth134th
4fourth4th14fourteenth14th37thirty-seventh37th200twohundredth200th
5fifth5th15fifteenth15th40fortieth40th1000onethousandth1,000th
6sixth6th16sixteenth16th50fiftieth50th1,000,000onemillionth1,000,000th
7seventh7th17seventeenth17th60sixtieth60th1,000,000,000onebillionth1,000,000,000th
8eighth8th18eighteenth18th70seventieth70th
9ninth9th19nineteenth19th80eightieth80th
10tenth10th90ninetieth90th
○1作主语:Thefirstisbetterthanthesecond.
○2作宾语:Hewasamongthefirsttoarrive.
○3作表语:Heisthefirsttocometoschool.
○4作定语:Theninthletteroftheword“restaurant”is“n”./Therearethreethousandworkersinthefactory.
(六)代词
类别作用例词例句
人称代词代替人或事物,主格作主语,宾客作宾语数
格人称单数复数Iamateacher.
Theyarestudents.
Wealllikehim.
Hegavethebooktome.
一二三一二三
主格IyouheSheitweyouthey
宾格meyouhimHeritusyouthem
物主代词形容词性只作定语,名词性可以作主、宾、表语等,表示所属关系词义
类型我的你
的他的她
的它
的我们的你们的他们
的Mybookisthere.
Herfatherisaworker.
Thisbikeisyours,oursisbroken.
形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir
名词词性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs
反身代词起强调作用,只作同位语和宾语数人称第一人称第二人称第三人称Weourselvesdidthework.
Hedidtheworkbyhimself.
单数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself
复数ourselvesyourselvesthemselves
相互代词表示相互关系,作宾语宾格所有格Weshouldhelpeachother.
Pleasecorrecteachother’smistakes.
eachother(两者相互)eachother’s(相互的)
oneanother(三者或三者以上)oneanother’s(相互的)
指示代词起指示作用,作定语、主语、宾语、表语等This,that,these,those,it,such,sameTakethisbooktohisroom.
Mypointisthis.
不定代词代替或修饰任何不定数量及不定范围的人或事物some,any,no,none,many,few,little,all,both,every,one,either,neither,other,afew,alittle,another,somebody,nobody,nothing,eachIhavesomethingtotellyou.
Neitheranswerisright.
疑问代词表示疑问,构成特殊问句who,what,whose,which,whomWhomdidyousee?
关系代词引导定语从句which,that,who,whom,whoseThebookthatIlostwasnew.
连接代词引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)what,who,thatIknowwhatyouaredoing.
That’swhatIhope.
(七)动词
类别意义例子例句
行为动词含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句中能独立作谓语。及物动词后面一定接宾语Open,visit,hear…HevisitedGaozhouyesterday.
不及物动词后面可以不接宾语Laugh,cry,live…HelivesinBeijing.
连系动词(linkv)本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。Be,become,grow,get,turn,look,sound,smell,taste,feel,seem…Themeatsmellsbad.
Heisastudent.
助动词(v.aux.)本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示否定、疑问、时态或其他语法形式Do,does,did,am,is,are,have,has,had,shall,will,should,would…Hedoesn’tspeakEnglish.
Weareplayingfootball.
HehadgonetoBeijing.
情态动词(ModalVerbs)本身有一定的意义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。Can,may,must,should,need,dear,shall,will,haveto…ShecanspeakEnglish.
MayIspeaktoAnn,please、
Wemustgonow.
注:动词(除情态动词,只有原形和过去式)有原形、第三人称单数、动词-ing、动词过去式、动词过去分词五种形式。
(八)介词
1.介词的种类:
○1简单介词:in,at,of,from,since,around,to…
○2合成介词:onto,into,without,upon,within…
○3短语介词:becauseof,infrontof,accordingto…
○4分词介词:regarding,following,concerning…
2.介词短语在句子中的作用:
○1作定语。Iknowtheanswertothequestion.
○2作状语。Thechildrenareplayingbasketballintheplayground.
○3作表语。Mikeisintheclassroom.
○4作宾语补足语。Hefoundhimselfinthemiddleoftheriver.
○5作主语补足语。Tomwasseeninsidethecinema.
3.常用介词的基本用法:
○1表示时间的介词(at,in,on,for,since,after,by,during,before,from,to,until,within…)
○2表示位置,方位的介词(in,at,on,to…)
○3表示交通方式的常用介词(by,on,in…)
○4其他一些词组搭配介词(beangrywith/at/aboutsb/sth.bestrictwith/in/sb/sth…)
(九)连词
1.并列连词:
○1表联合关系连词。(and,or,but,for,notonly…butalso,aswellas,both…and…,neither…nor.)
○2转折连词。(but,while,yet,however.)
○3选择连词。(or,orelse,either…or…,otherwise.)
2.从属连词:
○1引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的连用,主要有三个:that,whether,if.Ihearthatheisastudent.
○2引导状语从句的从属连词:
A.连接时间状语从句:when,before,after,while,assoonas,since,until,as,whenever,eversince…
B.连接让步状语从句:although,though,evenif,however…
C.连接原因状语从句:as,because,since,nowthat,for…
D.连接目的状语从句:that,sothat,inorderthat…
E.连接条件状语从句:if,unless,once,incase…
F.连接结果状语从句:so…that,such…that…
G.连接方式状语从句:as,asif,asthough…
H.连接地点状语从句:where.
I.连接比较状语从句:as,as…as,notas/so…as,than…
(十)非谓语动词
1.定义:动词除在句子中作谓语以外,还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质,在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等,这就是动词的非谓语动词。可分为三种:动词不定式、分词和动名词。
2.动词不定式:to+动词原形(在某些情况下可以不带to)。(没有人称和数的变化,可以有自己的宾语和状语,可以有时态和语态的变化)
○1一般式:主动语态:todo,被动语态:tobe+动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)
○2进行式:主动语态:tobedoing,被动语态:无(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生)
○3完成式:主动语态:tohave+动词过去分词,被动语态:tohavebeen+动词过去分词(表示动作或状态在谓语动作之前就发生)
○4用法:
A.作主语:Tolearnaforeignlanguageisnoteasy.=It’snoteasytolearnaforeignlanguage.
B.作表语:Themostimportantthingistofinishtheworkontime.
C.作宾语:
a.动词+todo.Hedecidedtobuyanewwatch.(agree,choose,want,hope,like,wish,learn,love,plan,try,start,afford…)
b.动词+疑问词+todoIdon’tknowwheretoputthebike.
c.动词+形式宾语(it)+宾补+todoIfinditimportanttolearnasecondforeignlanguage.
D.作补语:
a.动词+宾语+todoTomaskedmetoshowhimthenewshoes.(tell,wish,ask,want,like,beg,invite,allow,encourage…)
b.动词+宾语+不带to的动词HeoftensawTomplayfootball.(see,hear,feel,watch,notice,have,make,let…)
E.作状语:
a.表示目的:HewenttoGuangzhoutoseehissons.Hegotupearlyinordertocatchthefirstbus.
b.表示结果:Heistootiredtowalkanyfarther.Theyaren’toldenoughtogotoschool.
c.表示原因:Heissorrytohearthat.Iamgladtoseeyou.
F.作定语:Ihavesomethingtotellyou.Iwanttobuysomethingtoeat.
○5动词不定式to的省略:
A.在感官动词feel,hear,see,watch,notice及使役动词have,let,make等后面要省to,但在变被动语态时要还原不定式to。
Ioftensawhimgooutoftheroom.--------Hewasoftenseentogooutoftheroombyme.
B.在hadbetter,wouldrather,donothingbut等后面常省to。
○6动词不定式的否定形式:not+todo,有时也可以用-never+todo结构。
3.动名词:动词原形+ing。具有名词、动词一些特征。
○1一般式:主动语态:doing,被动语态:being+动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)
○2完成式:主动语态:having+动词过去分词,被动语态:havingbeen+动词过去分词(表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状态之前就发生)Childrenenjoywatchinganimatedcartoon.Idon’trememberhavingeverseenthefilm.
○3动名词的否定形式:not+动名词(v-ing)Iregretnotbeingabletohelpyou.
○4用法:
A.作主语:
a.动名词作主语如果太长,可以用形式主语it代替。LearningEnglishisveryimportant.---It’sveryimportanttolearnEnglish.
b.No+动名词表示“禁止”。Nosmoking,Noparking.
B.作宾语:Hefinisheddoinghishomework.
C.作表语:Hisfavouritesportisplayingbasketball.
D.作定语:shoppingbasket,finishingline.(表明名词的用途、功能等)
E.动名词的复合结构:名词所有格、形容词物主代词+动名词。Doyoumindmy/WeiFang’sopeningthewindow?
4.分词:动词原形+ing。具有形容词、副词和动词一些特征。(可分为现在分词、过去分词)
现在分词
○1一般式:主动语态:doing,被动语态:being+动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生)
○2完成式:主动语态:having+动词过去分词,被动语态:havingbeen+动词过去分词(表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状
态之前就发生)
○3动名词的否定形式:not+动名词(v-ing)Nounderstandingthemeaningofthewords,hecouldn’texplainthesentence.
○4用法:
A.作表语。Theresultissurprising.
B.作定语。Developingcountry(主谓关系)sleepingboy(boy所做的动作)
C.作状语。Passingbythehouse,hesawagirlplayingthepiano.=whenhewaspassingbythehouse,hesawagirlplayingthepiano.
D.作宾补。Ifoundhimlyingonthegrass.
过去分词
○1形式:规则动词+ed,和不规则动词的过去分词。
○2过去分词的否定形式:not+动词过去分词。
○3用法:
A.作表语:Mybikeisbroken.Heisveryworried.
B.作定语:developedcountry,fallenleaves,spokenEnglish.
C.作状语:Askedwhyhewasabsent,hesaidhewasill.=Whenhewasaskedwhyhewasabsent,hesaidhewasill.
D.作宾补:Youhadbetterhaveyourshoesmended.Ihadmyhaircutyesterday.
(十一)动词的语态
1.语态定义:英语中表示主语和谓语之间的关系的动词形式称为语态。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。WeteachEnglishinourschool.(主动)Englishistaughtinourschool.(被动)
2.被动语态:助动词Be+及物动词的过去分词(be+p.p.),be有人称、时态和数的变化。见下表:
时态谓语动词的形式例子
一般现在时Am/is/are+动词过去分词ColourTVsaremadeinthefactory.
一般过去时Was/were+动词过去分词Myhometownwasliberatedin1949.
一般将来时Shall/will+be+动词过去分词Thefilmwillbeshownagain.
现在进行时Am/is/are+being+动词过去分词Thewallsarebeingpainted.
过去进行时Was/were+being动词过去分词Theticketswerebeingwellsoldthen.
现在完成时Has/have+been+动词过去分词Anewroadhasbeenbuilthere.
时态谓语动词的形式例子
过去完成时Had+been+动词过去分词Muchhadbeendonebeforemothercameback.
含有情态动词的被动语态情态动词+be+动词过去分词Thecompositionmustbehandedintoday.
3.被动语态中值得注意的问题:
○1带有双宾语的动词,可以把任何一个宾语变被动,一般在间接宾语前加适当的介词。Myfathergavemeabook./Iwasgivenabookbymyfather./Abookwasgiventomebymyfather.
○2英语中有些动词用主动语态表示被动语态。Theclothwasheswell./Thiskindofbagssellswell./Theshoeswearlong./Theknifecutswell./Thepenwritessmoothly./Thiscoatlastslong.
○3在英语中有时“be+V-ed”结构并不是被动语态,而是系表结构。Themountainswerecoveredwithsnow.
○4在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”的结构中,要补留宾语补足语。Wefoundthedoorbroken./Thedoorwasfoundbroken.
○5宾语补足语为省to的不定式,变为被动语态后,要还原to。Hemademelaugh./Iwasmadetolaugh.
○6如果短语动词是及物动词时,可以用被动语态,但不能遗漏所含的介词或副词。Thenurselookedafterthebaby./Thebabywaslookedafterbythenurse./Wemustmakeupforthelessonswemissed./Thelessonswemissedmustbemadeupfor.
○7下列情况不能用被动语态:
A.不及物动词:Theaccidenthappenedonabusyroadyesterday.
B.连系动词:Thegirllookslikehersister.
C.宾语为反身代词:Healwaysdresseshimselfneatly.
D.宾语为相互代词:Thestudentsoftenhelpeachother.
E.同源宾语:Atthattime,theylivedahappylife.
F.表示状态的及物动词:Ihaveanewcar./Thebookcostme30yuan.
(十二)动词的时态:
时态表示内容谓语动词的构成常用的时间状语例句
一般现在时现阶段经常发生的动作或存在的状态动词原形(包括第三人称单数形式+s/es)often、usually、always、sometimes、everyday、inthemorning(afternoon…)等Heisoftenlateforschool.
Sheusuallygoestoworkonfoot.
一般将来时将要发生的动作或存在的状态shall/will+动词原形
am/is/aregoingto+动词原形
am/is/areto+动词原形
am/is/areaboutto+动词原形
am/is/are+动词-ingtomorrow、nextweek、thismonth、inanhour、thedayaftertomorrow等HewillgotoShanghainextweek.
Iamgoingtobuyabooktomorrow.
Theyaretoseeafilminahour.
Sheisabouttomendthebikelater.
IamflyingtoGuangzhounextweek.
一般过去时过去发生的动作或存在的状态动词过去式(一般+ed,特殊见课本不规则表)yesterday、lastweek、threedaysago、before、thedaybeforeyesterday等Ifinishedmyhomeworkyesterday.
HewenttoGaozhouthreedaysago.
现在进行时现在正在进行的动作am/is/are+动词现在分词now、It’ssixo’clock.也可用look、listen等词提示Theyaredoingtheirhomeworknow.
Look!Theboyisplayingbasketball.
过去进行时过去某个时刻正在进行的动作was/were+动词现在分词atsixyesterdaymorning、thistimeyesterday、也可用when等引导的从句Iwassleepingat11lastnight.
Theywerecookingwhenthebellrang.
现在完成时动作发生在过去,已结束,对现在有影响;或者开始在过去一直持续到现在的动作。have/has+动词过去分词(一般+ed,特殊见课本不规则表)already、ever、never、justforthreedays、since1998、bytheendofthisterm、yet等Ihavealreadyfinishedmywork.
Hehasn’tfoundoutwhobrokethedoor.
过去完成时过去某个时间之前已经完成了的动作had+动词过去分词Bytheendoflastmonth、when、before等引导的从句IhadseenthefilmwhenIwasincollege.
Themeetinghadbegunbeforewearrived.
过去将来时从过去某个时间看将来发生的动作should/would+动词原形
was/weregoingto+动词原形
was/wereto+动词原形
was/wereaboutto+动词原形
was/were+动词-ing通常在宾语从句中出现,主句为过去时Hesaid(that)hewouldgotoMaomingthenextday.
Shetoldme(that)shewasmovingtoFranceintwodays.
Ⅱ句子
句子的成分
1.定义:组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分,即:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分。表语、宾语、宾语补足语都是谓语里的组成部分。
句子成分意义例句
主语表示句子所说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”,一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词或短语等充当。LucyisanAmericangirl.
WestudyinNo.1MiddleSchool.
谓语说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)用动词。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致WeloveChina./Sheissinging.
Mikehopestobeadoctor./Hisparentsarefarmers.
表语说明主语是什么或者怎么样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语。Herauntisadriver./Areyouready?
Wewereathomelastnight.
句子成分意义例句
宾语表示动词、行为的对象,由名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当,和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。Heoftenhelpsme./WestudyEnglishatschool.
Didyouseehimyesterday?
定语用来修饰名词或代词。作定语的除形容词外,还有代词、数词、名词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等。Theblackbikeismine./What’syourname,please?
Wehavefourlessonsinthemorning?
状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,通常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等来表示。Peopleareallworkinghard./Itisverynice.
Wehadameetingthisafternoon.
宾语补足语英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。这类词有:make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let等。Hemademeveryangry.
Ifindhimagoodboy.
句子的种类
1.英语中按使用目的或功用分为四类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。
A.陈述句。
○1陈述句说明一个事实或陈述一个人的看法。陈述句分为肯定陈述句和否定陈述句两种。
a.陈述句的肯定式。Ihavealreadypostedthephotos./Theyarestudents./Imustgonow./Hewasreadingabookat8:00lastnight.
b.陈述句的否定形式。
(1)谓语动词是系动词be,助动词have,will,shall,be或情态动词,只须在其后面加not构成否定句。
Sheisn’tastudent./Hehasn’tbeentotheGreatWall./Icannotswim./Youwillnotgotheretomorrow./Theyaren’tsleeping.
(2)若谓语动词是实义动词,在实义动词前加上donot,第三人称单数现在时用doesnot,过去时用didnot。
Hedidn’tsendmeaninvitation.
(3)由具有否定含义的词never,nobody,hardly,little,dislike,seldom,few,too…to等构成的否定句。
Notallthebooksinourschoollibrarycanberenewed.
B.疑问句。
○1疑问句提出问题。英语中有四种疑问句:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。
a.一般疑问句:以一个助动词、情态动词、动词be或have开始,语调为升调,通常要求以yes或no回答的疑问句。
(1)一般疑问句的基本结构:
Be动词(is,am,are,was,were)+主语+表语…?
Have动词(表示“有”:have,has,had)+主语+宾语…?
情态动词(can,may,must等)+主语+行为动词或be…?
助动词(do,does,did)+主语+行为动词…?
助动词(shall,will,have,has)+主语+行为动词…?
(2)否定形式的疑问句,通常把助动词与not缩写,放在句首。构成回答:
Aren’tyouastudent?Yes,Iam.(不,我是)No,Iamnot.(对,我不是)
b.特殊疑问句:以疑问代词who,what,whom,whose,which或疑问副词when,where,why,how开头。
(1)如果疑问词在句中作主语或其修饰主语时,其语序如陈述句。Whoisondutytoday?/Whichbookisyours.
(2)如果疑问词在句中不作主语或其修饰主语,用“疑问词+一般疑问句”形式。Wherehaveyoubeen?
c.选择疑问句:提出两种或两种以上的情况,供回答者选择,并由or连用,但不能用Yes或no来回答。
(1)疑问句+选择成分1+or+选择成分2?Doyouwantcoffeeorcocoa?/AreyouanEnglishmanoranAmerican?
(2)特殊问句+选择答案1+or+选择答案2?whorunsfast,Tom,MaryorLilei.
d.反意疑问句:陈述部分+提问部分。
(1)◎前肯后否,前否后肯。◎前后人称、数和时态要一致,疑问部分要用代词。◎事实回答用Yes,非事实回答用No.◎前陈述句用降调,后问句用升调;如对前陈述句内容有把握,后问句也可用降调。◎如果前面陈述句中有否定词:hardly,little,few,never,rarely,nothing,none,nobody,not,no等,后面疑问句应该用肯定式。
(2)陈述句中有:haveto,hadto,oughtto,usedto,don’t(imperative),somebody/someone,everybody/everyone时,附加疑问句需分别用:don’t,didn’t,shouldn’t,usedn’t/didn’t,will,they等。
Mygrandmausedtobeateacher,usedn’t/didn’tshe?Don’tturnontheTVset,willyou?
(3)陈述句部分是复合句时,提问部分的主语和助动词要与主句一致。Hewasreadingwhentheteachercamein,wasn’the?
(4)在“Ithink(guess,suppose,believe)+宾语从句”中,当主语是第一人称时,附加疑问句的主语和谓语应与后面宾语从句相一致;但若主语不是第一人称时,则附加问句与前面主句一致。
Idon’tthinkhecanpasstheexam,canhe?Hebelievedyouhadseenherbefore,didn’the?
(5)在含有情态动词must的句子中,若must表示推测,提问用must后面的动词。若must表示有必要时,用needn’t。若mustn’t表示禁止时,提问用must。
Hemustbetired,isn’the?YoumustgotoGaozhou,needn’t?Youmustn’tsmokehere,mustyou?
(6)陈述句部分为祈使句,疑问部分常用willyou(表请求)。注:let’s用shallwe(包括说话人),letus用willyou(不包括说话人)。Haveacupoftea,willyou?Let’sgonow,shallwe?Letusgonow,willyou?
e.祈使句:可表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等。(省主语,动词用原形)
(1)let+第一人称,第三人称+(not)动词原形。Letmetryagain.
(2)动词原形+其他成分。Listentomecarefully.
(3)Don’t(never)+动词原形+其他成分。Don’tlookoutofthewindow.
(4)Do+动词原形+其他成分。Dogivehimanotherchance.
f.感叹句:表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情,句尾用“!”。What修饰名词,how修饰形容词、副词。
(1)How+形容词/副词。
◎How+形容词+主+谓+!Howcolditistoday!Howclevertheboyis!
◎How+副词+主+谓+!Howfastsheruns!Howhardthegirlsareworking!
◎How+形容词+a/an+名词+主+谓+!Howcleveraboyheis!Howfunnyanelephantitis!
(2)What+名词。
◎What+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+主+谓+!Whatafinedayitistoday!
Whatanhonestmanhisfatheris!
◎What+形容词+可数名词复数+主+谓+!Whattalltreestheyare!Whatgoodstudentstheboysare!
◎What+形容词+不可数名词+主+谓+!Whatcoldwateritis!Whatdeliciousmilkitis!
句子类型
1.从结构上看,英语的句子可分为三种类型:简单句、并列句和复合句。
2.简单句:由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子叫做简单句。简单句有六种句型:
型号句型例子
1主语+不及物动词(+状语)TheFrenchmancoughedbadlyatnight./Thecityliesinavalley.
2主语+连系动词+表语ThatisamapofChina./Thatpieceofmeatlooksquitegood./Itsoundslikethesingingofrails.
3主语+及物动词+宾语You’redoingtherightthing./Jacklikestostayathomeandplaybyhimself.
4主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语CanyoutellmethewaytotheSummerPalace?/Ittookmeaweektofinishthework.
5主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语WecallhimLiMing./Therichmanaskedthesingertocomeuptothesittingroom.
6There+be+主语+状语Therearesomeflowersontheteacher’sdesk./Thereare365daysinayear.
3.并列句:由并列连词把两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子。常用的并列连词有and,but,for,or,nor,so,yet,neither…nor,either…or,still,however,notonly…butalso等。并列句的结构:简单句+并列词+简单。
Hurryup,oryou’llmisstheearlybus./Welovepeacebutwearenotafraidofwar./Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.
Shehasnotonlyknowledge,butalsoexperience./Hewasill,sohedidn’tgotoschool./Workhard,andyouwillsucceed.
4.复合句:由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫做复合句。主句是句子的主体,从句只用作句子的一个成分,不能独立。从句可以担任复合句的主语(主语从句)、表语(表语从句)、宾语(宾语从句)、定语(定语从句)、状语(状语从句)。中学阶段主要学习含有状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句的复合句。
A.状语从句:在复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句根据它表示的意思的不同可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、让步、比较(或方式)和条件等类。
○1时间状语从句:由when,while,as,themoment,theminute,once,whenever,before,after,till(until),since,assoonas等连词引导。
主句从句例子
一般将来时一般现在时Iwillgooutforawalkifitdoesn’traintomorrow.
带有情态动词Youmustlookleftandrightwhenyoucrossthecrossing.
祈使句Askhimtogivemeacallassoonashecomesback.
过去时的某种时态过去时的某种时态Iwenttobedattenafterthefilmwasover./ThefilmhadbegunwhenIreachedthecinema.
Iwasreadingabookwhilehewassingingasong.
○2条件状语从句:由if,unless,solongas,aslongas,incase,ifonly,providedthat等引导。(注:在条件状语从句的将来时态要用现在时和过去时,表示相应的将来时)。
I’llshowyouaroundthecityifIamfreetomorrow./IfIhadenoughmoney,Iwouldbuythecar.
○3原因状语从句:由because(因为),as(由于),since(既然),for(因为)等引导。
Hewasabsentyesterdaybecausehewasill./Asitwasalreadydark,theydecidedtostayinthetownforthenight.
○4目的状语从句:由sothat,that,so,inorderthat,incase等引导。句中常有may,might,can,could,should,would等情态动词。
Hegotupearlysothathecouldcatchtheearlytrain./Hestudiedhardinorderthathemightsucceed.
○5结果状语从句:由so…that,so,sothat,such…that等。
Thefilmissointerestingthateveryonelikestoseeitagain./Nothingmorewasheardofhim,sopeoplethoughtthathewasdead.
○6比较状语从句:由than,as…as,notas(so)…as,the(+比较级)…the(+比较级)等引导。
Todayisnotaswarmasyesterday./HelistenstotheteachermorecarefullythanI.
○7地点状语从句:由where和wherever等引导。地点状语从句位于句首时,常用逗号与主句隔开;位于句末时则不用逗号。
Hefollowsherwherevershegoes.
○8方式状语从句:由as,justas…so,asif等。Asif引导的从句的时态要用过去时(虚语语气)。
PleasedoasIdo./Hetellsmethewholethingasifhekneweverything.
○9让步状语从句:由though,although,evenif,eventhough,however,whatever,nomatterwho等引导。
Althoughhehasfailedmanytimes,hedoesn’tgiveuptrying.
B.宾语从句:由一个句子充当宾语,我们称之为宾语从句。(宾语从句的语序永远是陈述语序)
○1宾语从句的连词。
a.如果宾语从句是从陈述句变化而来的,要用连词that来引导,that可以省略。
b.如果宾语从句是从一般疑问句变化而来的,要用连词if或whether.
c.如果宾语从句是从特殊疑问句变化而来的,连词就应该用特殊疑问词(what,when,where…)。
○2宾语从句的时态:
主句从句例子
任何一种时态一般现在时(表示真理、科学原理、自然现象)Theteachertold/tellsusthattheearthgoesroundthesun.
一般现在时任何一种时态Ihearthathewillcomebacknextweek.
一般将来时Iwilltellhimthathisfatherranghimupjustnowwhenhecomesback.
一般过去时过去时的某种时态IwonderedifTomwouldcomeback./LucyaskedwhetherIhadfinishedmyhomework.
○3宾语从句的人称:人称代词要随合理的逻辑而自然变化。
Shesaid,“Iammuchbetterthanbefore.”--------Shesaidthatshewasmuchbetterthanbefore.
○4when和if在引导宾语从句和状语从句中,后面的时态有差别。
Idon’tknowwhen(何时)shewillbeback(宾语从句),butwhen(当…时候)shecomesback,I’llletyouknow(状语从句).
Idon’tknowif(是否)shewillcomeback(宾语从句),butif(如果)shecomesback,I’llletyouknow(状语从句).
C.定语从句:在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句,被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导从句的关系代词有:who(人,主格),whom(人,宾客),whose(人,所有格),which(物),that(人,物)。引导从句的关系副词有:where(地点),when(时间),why(原因)。
Themanwholivesnexttousisapoliceman./YoumustdoeverythingthatIdo./WewillneverforgetthedaywhenwevisitedGaozhou.
主句/先行词从句主句主句/先行词从句主句/先行词从句
○1从句的谓语动词和先行词的关系。
a.主谓关系:Heaskedtheman(作从句主语)who/thatwassmoking.
b.动宾关系:Thenoodles(作从句宾语)that/whichIcookedweredelicious.
○2只能用that的情况:
a.先行词为all,any,few,no,some,much,little等修饰。Ihavedonealltheworkthathetoldustodo.
b.先行词被序数词修饰。Thatlast/firstquestionthatheaskedmewashardtoanswer.
c.先行词同时有人和物。Theyoftentalkaboutthingsandpersonsthattheyremember.
d.先行词是everything,anything,nothing,none等不定代词。Irememberedeverythingthattheteacherstaughtmebefore.
e.先行词被形容词最高级修饰。ThatisthebestbookthatIhaveread.
f.先行词被thevery,theonly,thesame修饰。ItistheverybookthatIamlookingfor.
g.先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语。Chinaisnolongerthecountrythatitusedtobe.
h.先行词是指示代词that,one,those,this,another,all等。IsthisschooltheonethatIsawinthepicture?
i.主句以who/which开头,定语从句用that。whoisthegirlthatspoketoyoujustnow?/whichisthecarthatwasmadeinChina?
○3只能用which的情况:
a.关系代词前有介词。Thisisthehouseinwhichwelivedlastyear.
b.先行词本身是that。TheclockisthatwhichIboughtyesterday.
c.非限制性定语从句。HisEnglish,whichusedtobeverypoor,isnowexcellent.
○4定语从句在句中作定语,所以在使用时,相当于现在分词短语,过去分词短语,动词不定式短语,介词短语作后置定语的句子。
a.IboughtabookthatwaswrittenbyLuXun.=IboughtabookwrittenbyLuXun.
b.Tellthechildrenwhoareplayingbasketballnottodothat.=Tellthechildrenplayingbasketballnottodothat.
c.Thehousethatstandsatthecornerwasbuiltin1987.=Thehousestandingatthecornerwasbuiltin1987.
d.Wehavenothingthatweshouldfear.=Wehavenothingtofear.
e.Thebookthatisonthetableisexpensive.=Thebookonthetableisexpensive.
○5引导词when,where和why可用相应的表示时间(in,on,at,during等)、地点(in,on,at等)和原因(for)的介词+which表达为介宾结构。
a.IstillrememberthedaywhenImetherforthefirsttime.----IstillrememberthedayonwhichImetherforthefirsttime.
b.ThatistheplacewhereIwentwhenIwasachild.-----ThatistheplacetowhichIwentwhenIwasachild.
c.MayIknowthereasonwhyyouarelate?-----MayIknowthereasonforwhichyouarelate?
○6在定语从句中,不能再出现指示先行词的指示代词。
Ijustcan’tfindthebookwhich/thatshelentittome.(×)----Ijustcan’tfindthebookwhich/thatshelenttome.(√)
○7注意下面的变化:
a.Thisisthehouse(不作lived的宾语)wherewelivedlastyear.
Thisisthehouse(作livedin的宾语)which/thatwelivedinlastyear.
b.Thisistheday(不作left的宾语)whenweleftforShenzhen.
Thisistheday(作spent的宾语)which/thatwespentinShenzhen.
○8限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别:
a.限制性定语从句:是句中不可缺少的组成部分,没有从句,先行词意思不明确,主句也不完整,从句主句不用逗号分开。
b.非限制性定语从句:是主句先行词的补充说明,没有从句并不影响主句意思的明确或完整,这种定语从句一般用逗号和主句分开,在非限制性定语从句中,一般不用that。
◎LastSundaytheyreachedDalian,whereameetingwastobeheld.
◎Shehastwobrothers,whoarebothdoctors.
ⅢTherebe句型
1.英语“There+be+(not)”结构表示“有(没有)某人或某物”时,there是无词义的引导词,be是谓语动词,它后面的名词是主语,两者再数上必须一致。句末往往有表示地点或时间的状语。
2.肯定句:There+(助动词或情态动词)+be主语+地点(时间)状语。
Thereisapenonthetable./Therewillbeafootballmatchtomorrow.
3.否定句:There+be(助动词或情态动词)+not(any)(或+no)+主语…。
Therearenotfairiesintheworld./Therewasn’taundergroundinShanghaibefore./Therewon’tbeafootballmatchtomorrow.
4.一般疑问句:Be+there+(any)+主语…?/助动词或情态动词+there+be+(any)+主语…?
IsthereanythingIcandoforyou?/Willtherebecloudtomorrow?
5.特殊疑问句:疑问词(+名词)+be+there+状语?
Howmanyweeksarethereinayear?/Whatisthereonthedesk?/Wherewilltherebeafootballmatchtomorrow?
6.如果there+be之后是并列主语,应根据离be最近的名词来选择be的形式。
Thereisaappleandtwopearsonthetable./Therearetwopearsandaappleonthetable.
7.含有引导词there的句子用seemtobe,happentobe,usedtobe或live等作谓语的结构。
Therehappenedtobeanoldfriendofmineintheshop./Thereusedtobeatemplehere.
Ⅳ主谓一致
1.主谓一致是指谓语动词要与主语单、复数形式及人称变化相一致。主要包括三方面:形式一致、意义一致、就近原则。
2.单数名词、不可数名词作主语,谓语用单数;复数名词作主语,谓语用复数;若主语表示单数或整体概念时,谓语应用单数。
Timeismoney./Mybookisnew./Ourbooksarethere./Hisfamilyisn’tverylarge./Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.
3.有些名词以“s”结尾,但谓用单数。(news,physics,maths,politics等)Mathsisveryimportanttous.
4.People,police,youth,cattle等常作复数处理。Theyoutharefullofliving.
5.既作单数又是复数的名词,可作单、复数。(sheep,fish,deer,Chinese,Japanese…)
Thereisonedeer/aresomedeerinthezoo./ImetaJapaneseinthestreet./TheJapaneseImetinthestreetwerefriendly.
6.当主语是两个名词由and连接时,若表示一种事物或一种概念时,谓语用单数。
Theteacherandwriteriscoming(同一个人)./Theteacherandthewriterarecoming.(不同人)
7.有every或each修饰的单数名词并列时,谓语动词用单数,第二个every或each可省略。Everyboyand(every)girlhasanewbook.
8.表示时间、距离、金钱或数量的复数名词,一般视为一个整体,谓语用单数。Ahundredmilesisalongdistance.
9.有些形容词前加定冠词构成表示一类人的名词,常用复数处理。Thericharegettingricher./Theblindaresittingontheroad.
10.Number,population等词可作单数或复数,主要从意思决定。Anumberofbooksarenew./Thenumberofbooksis3,000.
ThepopulationofChinaisverylarge./Onethirdofthepopulationhereareworkers.
11.当名词后有with,together,like,but,except等介词短语时,谓语随名词的数而变。TomwithhisparentshasbeentoBeijingtwice.
12.Each和由some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待。Eachofushasanapple./Somebodyisusingthephoto.
13.What,who,which,any,more,most,all等代词可以是单、复数,主要靠意思决定。Whichisyourroom?/Whichareyourrooms?
14.“None或noneof+名词(代词)复数”可作单、复数,若名词为不可数,则谓语只用单数。
Noneofthebooksareeasyenoughforus./Noneofushasgotacamera./Noneofmilkisgood.
15.“Either,neither(+of+名(代)词复数”作主语时,通常看作单数。NeitherofushasbeentoHongKong./Eitheransweriswrong.
16.“manya+单数名词”或“morethanone+单数名词”作主语时,谓语多用单数形式。Morethanonepersonhasthatkindofexperience.
17.All/most/half/part/some/therestof+不可数名词,谓语用单数。Allofmeatisbad.
18.All/most/half/part/some/therestof+可数名词复数,谓语用复数。Someofstudentsareabsent.
19.“oneof+名(代)词复数”为主时,谓语通常用单数。OneofthegirlsisfromAmerica.
20.“apairof+名词复数”作主语时,谓语常用单数,若pair是pairs时谓语用复数。
21.“(a)partof+名词”作主语时,若名词是单数,谓语用单数;若名词是复数,谓语用复数。
22.“agroupof+名词”作主语时,强调整体,谓语用单数;若强调group中的各成员,谓语用复数。
23.“alotof/lotsof+名词复数”作主语时,谓语用复数;若名词为不可数名词,谓语用单数。
24.“mostof+名词复数”作主语时,谓语用复数;若名词为不可数名词,谓语用单数。
25.“plentyof+名词复数”作主语时,谓语用复数;若名词为不可数名词,谓语用单数。
27.由either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,or或therebe+名词+and+名词等连接的主语,通常根据就近原则,谓语的单、复数形式依最接近它的名词词组的单、复数形式决定。
MyparentsorIamgoingtovisitmygrandparents.
EitheryourfatheroryourmotherhasbeentotheGreatWall.
NeitheryounorLaoYangistodothework.
Thereisamanandthreechildrenoverthere.
Notonlyyoubutalsoheknowsthatthing.
28.动词不定式和动词-ing形式作主语时作单数处理。
Toseeyouisveryglad.=Itisverygladtoseeyou.
Takingmeansnoholes.
Seeingisbelieving.
Finishingtheworktakesmealongtime.=Tofinishtheworktakesmealongtime.=Ittakesmealongtimetofinishthework.2013年中考英语语法动词知识复习
做好教案课件是老师上好课的前提,大家在用心的考虑自己的教案课件。在写好了教案课件计划后,才能更好的在接下来的工作轻装上阵!那么到底适合教案课件的范文有哪些?下面是小编帮大家编辑的《2013年中考英语语法动词知识复习》,仅供参考,欢迎大家阅读。
动词
?(一)知识概要
动词在语言中是必不可少的一部分。它的语法现象也较多,但在初中范围主要有以下几方面问题。①时态:初中范围主要有一般现在时,一般过去时,现在完成时,过去完成时,将来时与过去将来时六种时态。②语态:主动语态与被动语态。③助动词和情态动词。④非谓语动词,也就是不定式,动名词及现在分词的用法。?时态主要掌握以下几种时态的应用要点和习惯用法。
?1?一般现在时:主要有以下三方面,①用来表示状态,特征或不受时间限制的客观存在和真理。如:Matterexistsinthreestates物质有三态。又如:Theearthmovesaroundthesun??②表?示习惯性和经常发生的动作,如:Ioftengotobedat9∶30?③在时间、条件等状语从句中表示将来要发生的动作,如:AssoonasIgetthereIlltelephoneyou.
?2?一般过去时:① 主要用于表达过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状态,如:Iwasilllastweek?②过去经常发生的动作或习惯性动作,如:Iusedtogetupatsix.
?3?一般将来时:用于表示将要发生的动作,其构成方式①用will(shall)+动词原形来表达将来在某一时间内要发生,或经常、将要发生的动作或状态,如:SchoolwillbeginonSepember1st?②用begoingto+动词原形,用来表示不久将要发生或打算去作的动作。如:?Im?goingtoswimthisafternoon?③be+现在分词,也就是用某些动词的现在进行时表示将来,如:?Im?coming。这些动词只限于:go,come,leave,start,move,sail,arrive,reach,getto等动词。④在状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
?4?现在进行时:用于表示现在正在进行的动作,如:Whatareyoudoingnow?要注意的是表示状态,情感的某些词没有现在进行时,这些动词有:like,have(有),love,know,understand,remember,forget,see,hear,smell,taste,feel,wishhope,expect…
?5?过去将来时:用来表达从过去某时间点上看将要发生的动作,如:Hetoldmehewouldcometomyparty?
?6?现在完成时与过去完成时:现在完成时的两个用处是:① 用来表达在过去开始的动作持续到现在,如:IvestudiedEnglishfortwoyears?②用来表达过去发生的事但它影响到现在,如:Ihaventhadmybreakfast.soImhungrynow?现在完成时与过去完成时的区别在于动作的截止时间,现在完成时所表达的动作截止于现在,而过去完成时所表达的动作截止于过去。如:Ihaventseenmyoldteacherforalongtime?我好久未见到我过去的老师了。是指到目前截止。如果加上一句话,则将变为过去完成时,如:YesterdayIsawmyoldteacher.Ihadntseenhimforalongtime.因为我好久未见他这一情况截止于昨天。还要注意的一个问题是截止性动词可以有完成时,但不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,如:WhenIgottoschool,theclasshadbegun?如果一定要讲开始几分钟了则要换用表示状态,或延续性动词,如:WhenIgottoschool,theclasshadbeenonforfiveminutes??语态:英语中只有主动语态与被动语态之分。主动语态,句子中的主语是动作的执行者,如:Ibrokethewindow?而被动语态句子中的主语是主动语态句子中的宾语,如:Thewindowwasbrokenbyme?被动语态主要用于,动作的执行者不明确,或没有必要说出来,如:TheNewbuildingwasbuiltlastweek?关键要注意的是在主动语态中有省略不定式符号to的动词,在被动语态要还原,如:主动语态Isawhimcomein.?被动语态Hewasseentocomein.?助动词和情态动词:助动词本身没有词义,它只不过与实义动词一起构成谓语动词,形成了时态、语态、构成了疑问句,否定句,以及用来加强语气。而情态动词则表达一种可能、必要、允许、愿望、猜测……的意图、倾向。也用来表示语气的委婉和祝愿。初中阶段主要有:can,could,may,might,will,would,must(haveto),shall,should。?最后要谈论的是非谓语动词,非谓语动词分为不定式,和动词的ing形式,(即现在分词和动名词)。虽然在初中范围,这一项不是语法重点,但还是要花一定时间去学习,为的是打下良好的基础。为进一步学习提供良好的条件。不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语。如:Toseeistobelieve.(百闻不如一见)Hewanttoseeafilm?还可以作补足语,如:Hewantsmetoleave.也可以作状语,如:IcomeheretolearnEnglish.?动名词也可以起到上述作用,如:Seeingisbelieving.Ilikeswimmingverymuch.而现在分词多用于作定语、补足语、状语,如:Thegirldrivingacarishersister.(定语)Didyounoticehishandshaking?(宾语补足语)
Hearingthenoise,westoppedtalking.(状语)
(二)正误辨析
?[误]Shelaiddownandsoonfellasleep.
?[正]Shelaydownandsoonfellasleep.
?[析]考试中常出现的是易混动词lay放,lie躺,lie说谎。它们的过去时、过去分词和现在分词变化如下:
?lay(放)laid,laid,laying(及物动词)
?lie(躺)lay,lain,lying(不及物动词)
?lie(说谎)lied,lied,lying
?[误]Pleaseriseyourhand.
?[正]Pleaseraiseyourhand.
?[析]rise是不及物动词,其后不能接宾语,如:Thesunrisesintheeast.而raise是及物动词。
?[误]Iliketoswimverymuch,butIdontlikeswimmingthisafternoon.
?[正]Ilikeswimmingverymuch,butIdontliketoswimthisafternoon.
?[析]like作为"喜欢"讲时,可以接动名词也可以接不定式,但接动名词时多表达一种习惯性动作。而接不定式则侧重于表达一次性、特殊性的动作。?但要注意的是like与would连用时则一定要接不定式,如:Wouldyouliketogowithme??再有一点要注意的是,like作为介词"像"讲时,只能用分词作其宾语。
?[误]Stop!Didyoulistentoastrangevoice?
?[正]Stop!Didyouhearastrangevoice?
?[析]hear的侧重点是听到、听见什么,而listento的侧重点为听的倾向,如:listen!Doyouhearsomeonecallinghelp?这样的词还有look与see。它们的侧重点也不同,look重于"看"的倾向,而see重于看见没看见。
?[误]Didyouwatchsomefilmrecently?
?[正]Didyouseesomefilmrecently?
?[析]英语中see与watch各有不同的用处,see用于看电影、剧目,而watch用作看电视和看球赛。
?[误]Look.Abeautifullamphangedfromtheceiling.
?[正]Look.Abeautifullamphungfromtheceiling.
?[析]hang有两个含义,①"挂",它的过去时与过去分词是hung,hung;②"绞刑",这时它是规则动词,其过去式与过去分词则为hanged,hanged。
?[误]HowlongcanIborrowthisbook?
?[正]HowlongcanIkeepthisbook?
?[析]"借"在英文中有三个词,①借入,即borrow,如:MayIborrowsomebooksfromthelibrary?②借出,如:Icanlendmybiketoyou.③借多久要用keep,因为borrow与lend都是截止性动词,而keep是延续性动词。如HowlongcanIkeepit?
?[误]Wehavewonyourclass.
?[正]Wehavebeatenyourclass.
?[析]win是及物动词,其后面的宾语应是比赛、战争、奖品、奖金。而beat的宾语,应是人、队、班级等等,如:Wewonthegame.
?[误]Ileftmykey.
?[正]Iforgotmykey.
?[正]Ileftmykeyathome.
?[析]leave是"丢下",其后一定要接地点状语,而forget其后不要接地点状语。
?[误]Oh!Itsrainingoutside.Pleasebringtheraincoatwithyou.
?[正]Oh!Itsrainingoutside.Pleasetakethisraincoatwithyou.
?[析]bring为"带来"如:Nexttimebringyourlittlesisterhere.而take为"带走",fetch为"去某处取什么回来",如:Pleasefetchsomecoffeeforus??要熟记的是在初中课文中与take有关的词组,如:?takeaway拿走takeback收回takedown取下?takeoff脱下take…out拿出takeplace发生?takeholdof拿住takepartin参加takeaseat坐下?takeonesplace替代takealook看看takeonesturn轮流?takeamessage捎信takecareof照看takeiteasy别着急?takeonestime慢慢来takeonestemperature测量体温
?[误]Thepolicemanreachedhisgun.
?[正]Thepolicemanreachedforhisgun.
?[析]reach作"到达"讲时是及物动词,如:Ireachedthehotelat8∶30?但作"伸手去拿",则要用reachforsomething。作为"到达"讲时还有arrive(in+大地方)(at+较小的地方)和getto.要注意的是与get有关的词组有:?getback回来getin收割getinto进入getoff下车?geton上车getout出去getup起床getto到达?getreadyfor=bereadyfor?getonwellwith与人相处融洽?get加比较级为变得如何,例如:?getcolderandcolder.
?[误]Thisdictionaryspentmefivedollars.
?[正]Thisdictionarycostmefivedollars.
?[析]英文中的"花费"有4个spend,cost,take和pay,其中spend与pay所在句中的主语应为人,如:Ispenttwohoursindoingmyhomework.Ipaidfivedallarsforthebook.而cost与take的主语则是事物,如:Ittakesmetwoyearstofinishthisbook.
?[误]InsummerIalwayssleepwiththewindowsopened.
?[正]InsummerIalwayssleepwiththewindowsopen.
?[正]Ialwayssleepwiththewindowsclosed.
?[析]要注意open是动词也是形容词,而close则要用其过去分词作形容词。?
[误]Pleasewaitaminute.Imhavingonmyclothes.
?[正]Pleasewaitaminute.Imputtingonmyclothes.
?[析]英语中的穿衣服要分状态,是什么样的穿着打扮,还是穿衣服的动作两类动词。表示穿着状态的词有haveon,wear,在用法上haveon不宜用进行时态,它多用一般时态,如:Shehasonanewschooldress.而wear则多用进行时来表示状态,如:Sheiswearinganewsweater.在表示动作的词中puton是常用的一词。dress用作动词当"穿衣"讲时其后宾语不应接衣物,而要接人,如:Mychildrenwereveryyoungtheycouldntdressthemselves.在表示穿着状态时用其过去分词当形容词,如:Heisdressedinwhite.
?[误]Mycomputercantbegin.Couldyoufindsomeonetohelpme?
?[正]Mycomputercantstart.Couldyoufindsomeonetohelpme?
?[析]begin与start均可指"开始",而且常常可以互换,如:Schoolbegins(starts)at8a.m.但是在两种情况下不宜用begin而要用start,①当作机器开动、发动讲,如:Mycarcantstart.Theremustbesomethingwrongwithit.②作为"旅途开始"讲,如:Weshouldhavetostartearly.Therewasalotoftrafficontheroad.
?[误]ImverygladbecauseIhavefoundedmylostkey.
?[正]ImverygladbecauseIhavefoundmylostkey.
?[析]find是不规则动词,它的过去式和过去分词是found,found,而found又是另外一词"建立",它是规则动词,其过去式与过去分词是foundedfounded,如:ThePeoplesRepublicofChinawasfoundedin1949.
?[误]Please.LetsspeakinEnglish.
?[正]Please.LetsspeakEnglish.
?[正]Please.LetstalkinEnglish.
?[误]CanyouspeakitEnglish?
?[正]CanyousayitinEnglish?
?[析]英文中"说"有4个常用词say,tell,speak,talk.其中不及物动词有speak和talk,如:Iwanttotalkwithyou.Wearetalkingaboutthenewfilm.而speak其后接语言时是及物动词,其他情况是不及物动词。say与tell是及物动词,其中tell常用双宾语,如:Tellusastory.但用于讲实话或谎话时也用单宾语。如:Tellthetruth.
?[误]CanyousayJapanesefromChinese?
?[正]CanyoutellJapanesefromChinese?
?[析]tell…from为固定词组,即分辨两者的不同。
?[误]Excuseme,didIsteponyourfoot?
?[正]Oh,sorry,didIsteponyourfoot?
?[析]excuseme用于未打扰对方前,以提醒对方注意的用语,而sorry则是由于自己已做的事向对方道歉。
?[误]Wouldyoucarefortoswimwithus?
?[正]Wouldyoucaretoswimwithus?
?[析]carefor后接不定式时,要省略for,或换用名词,如:Wouldyoucareforacupoftea.carefor作"照顾"讲时与lookafter相同。在初中阶段学习与for有关的词组有:
?askfor请求callfor接人,请人carefor关心?
goinfor从事answerfor负责lookfor寻找
?waitfor等待sendfor请人payfor付款?
searchfor寻找leavefor去某地preparefor准备?
thanksomebodyforsomething为某事向某人道谢。
?[误]Areyouunderstandingit?Yes,Igottoit.
?[正]Doyouunderstandit?Yes,Igotit.
?[析]understand这一词没有进行时态,如同感观动词love、hate…Igotit是美语,即Iunderstoodit。要记住get作为"到达"讲时是不及物动词,如:Illgettotheschoolat8a.m.?初中范围常用与to有关的动词词组如下:?belongto属于cometo苏醒pointto(at)指着?getto到达referto谈到stickto坚持?leadto导致turnto翻到lookforwardto期望?agreeto同意
?[误]Themeathasgonebadly.
?[正]Themeathasgonebad.
?[析]英语中go,get,become,turn作为转变时,其后接形容词,这时这些动词应被看作系动词。
?[误]Theteachersaidtheearthmovedaroundthesun.
?[正]Theteachersaidtheearthmovesaroundthesun.
?[析]如果主句的谓语动词是现在时,其宾语从句可以是任何时态。如果是过去时,则宾语从句中的时态应与之呼应。但地球围绕太阳转是不随时间而变化的客观事实,所以还应用一般现在时态来表达。
?[误]IllcometoseeyouassoonasIllbeback.
?[正]IllcometoseeyouassoonasIamback.
?[析]在状语从句中要用一般时来表示将来,如:Ishouldtellhimwhenhecameback.
?[误]Iwanttoknowwhetheryoucometomypartytomorrowornot.
?[正]Iwanttoknowwhetheryouwillcometomypartytomorrowornot.
?[析]在宾语从句中则要用将来时表示将来的动作。要注意的是如果宾语从句中仍有状语从句时,依然要用一般现在时表示将来,如:Iwanttoknowifitrainstomorrowyoullcomehereornot.
?[误]Whatdidyoudoateightlastnight?
?[正]Whatwereyoudoingateightlastnight?
?[析]在描述过去某一具体时刻的动作或从某时到某时一段时间内正在进行的动作要用过去进行时,如:IwaswashingclothesfromeighttillnoonlastSunday?
?[误]Myclassmatescametoseeafilmyesterday.Ididntgowiththem,becauseIhaveseenitbefore.
?[正]Myclassmatescametoseeafilmyesterday.IdidntgowiththembecauseIhadseenitbefore.
?[析]现在完成时与过去完成时的相同之处是其动作均开始于过去的某一点,它的差别在于该动作是截止到什么时候。如动作截止到现在用现在完成时;如动作截止到过去,用过去完成时。例如:IvelearntEnglishforthreeyears.(到现在为止)又如:BeforeIwenttocollege,IhadlearntEnglishforthreeyears.(动作截止到上大学那时,即截止于过去)
?[误]Imfeelingwellnow.
?[正]Ifeelwellnow.
?[析]瞬间动词有些无进行时态,它们是:?表示思维状态的词:believe,feel,forget,imagine,know,mean,need,prefer,remember,understand,want?表示感情的动词:care,like,dolike,love,mind,hate,fear?表示状态的词:belong,own?感观动词:feel,hear,see,smell,taste
?[误]Whenhaveyoudonethiswork?
?[正]Whendidyoudothiswork?
?[析]when提问的是一个时间点不可用于完成时态的问句中。
?[误]ThisisournewEnglishteacher.Hehasgonetomanyforeigncountries.
?[正]ThisisournewEnglishteacher.Hehasbeentomanyforeigncountries.
?[析]havegoneto是到某地去了,此人现在不在这里。havebeento是到过某地,现在此人在说话现场。
?[误]Ihaveborrowedthisbookfortwoweeks.
?[正]Ihavekeptthisbookfortwoweeks.
?[析]截止性动词有完成时态,但不可和与表达一段时间的时间状语连用。如:WhenIgottothecinemathefilmhadbegun.?但要讲WhenIgottothecinemathefilmhadbeonforfiveminutes这样的用法还有buy,join,die,如:Iboughtthisbookyesterday.我昨天买的这本书。?Ihavehadthisbookfortwodays.这本书我已买了两天了。
?Ijoinedtheclubtwoyearsago.两年前我加入了这个俱乐部。
?Ihavebeeninthisclubfortwoyears.我加入这个俱乐部已两年了。
?Myfatherdiedfiveyearsago.我父亲是5年前去世的。
?Myfatherhasbeendeadforfiveyears.我父亲已去世5年了。
?[误]Haveyouunderstoodthelessons?
?[正]Doyouunderstandthelessons?
?[析]有些动词不易用完成时态,它们是understand,think,believe,know(知道)
?[误]ItwassaidthattheSecondWorldWarhadbrokenoutin1939.
?[误]ItwassaidthattheSecondWorldWarwasbrokenoutin1939.
?[析]在讲述过去的历史事件时,总要用过去时而不要用完成时,而且happen,breakout,takeplace作为发生讲时均没有被动语态。
?[误]WhenIwalkedalongthestreet.Ihappenedtomeetanoldfriend.
?[正]WhenIwaswalkingalongthestreetIhappenedtomeetanoldfriend.
?[析]在一个长动作发生或进行的过程中,某一突然事件发生,这时长动作应用进行时(现在进行时或过去进行时),而突发性动作用一般时(一般现在时或一般过去时),如:Whenmyfatherisreadinganewspaperthetelephonerings.
?[误]Pleasebuyabookforme.
?[正]Pleasebuymeabook.
?[正]Pleasebuyabooktome.
?[析]在接双宾语的动词后面的两个宾语,一个是直接宾语,一个是间接宾语,如:Buymeabook中me是间接宾语,而abook是直接宾语。如果将直接宾语前置,其后应加to,如:Tellmeastory.Tellastorytome.Givemeabook.Giveabooktome.
?[误]Hewasseencomeintothebookstore.
?[正]Hewasseentocomeintothebookstore.
?[析]在主动语态中,有时可以加不带to的不定式作宾语,如:Isawhimcomeintothebookstore.但如果变为被动语态时,则要将省略的to还原。当然这些动词还可以加动名词作宾语,如:Isawhimcomingintothebookstore,如变为被动语态时,则没有变化。如:Hewasseencomingintothebookstore.
?[误]Hownicethebookis!Isitsoldwell?
?[正]Hownicethebookis!Doesitsellwell?
?[析]有些动词可以表示一种动作,但也可以用来表示某种性质,表示动作时可用被动语态,在表示性质时则不可用被动语态。如:
?Thisbooksellswell.这本书畅销。
?Thiscardriveseasily.这车容易驾驶。
?Theseclotheswasheasily.这些衣服好洗。
?在作上述表达时,不要用被动语态。而要讲:
?Thiskindofbookwassoldout.(这种书卖完了)
?Theseclotheswerewashedbythewashingmachine.这时要用被动语态,因为它描述的是具体动作。
?[误]MustIdoitnow??
No.youmustnt.
?[正]MustIdoitnow??No,youneednt.
?[析]need用在疑问句和否定句中常用作情态动词,其后接不带to的不定式。由must提问的问句作答语时,如是肯定的要用must,否定的要用neednt,即为没有必要。在肯定句中常用作实意动词,如:Ineedtowaitformyboy.
?[误]Isthisbookyours?
?Yes,Its.
?[正]Isthisbookyours??
Yes,Itis.
?[析]在肯定的回答中不要用缩写形式,而在否定的回答中可以用缩写形式,如:No.Itisnt.
?[误]Illhavemybikerepairtomorrow.
?[正]Illhavemybikerepairedtomorrow.
?[析]have+人+动词原形或现在分词意为:让某人作某事,如:Myfatherhadmetolearnhowtodrive,或Myfatherhadmedoingmyhomeworkfrommorningtillmight??have+物+动词的过去分词为某件事被别人完成。如:Ihavemyhaircut.我去理发。而不是自己理发。如果讲我想自己作某事,则用Iwanttorepairmybikemyself.
?[误]Illgetmybrotherrepairthebikeforyou.
?[正]Illgetmybrothertorepairthebikeforyou.
?[析]have与get的用法有相同之处,也有不同之处。相同之处,如:havesomethingdone,也可用getsomethingdone,或have(get)somebodydoingsomething但不同之处在于havesomebodydosomething在用get时则要用getsomebodytodosomething。
?[误]IhavetostudyonSaturdaybutIhaventtostudyafullday?
?[正]IhavetostudyonSaturday,butIdonthavetostudyafullday.
?[析]haveto不得不,而donthaveto为其否定式。
?[误]IsTomintheclassroom?No.Hemustntbeintheclassroom,becauseIsawhimtalkingwithourteacherintheofficejustnow.
?[正]IsTomintheclassroom?No.HecantbeintheclassroombecauseIsawhimtalkingwithourteacherintheofficejustnow.
?[析]must加动词原形表达一种比较肯定的推测,而表示否定的推测则要用cant。
?[误]Mygrandpaisovereightybutheisabletoreadwithoutglasses.
?[正]Mygrandpaisovereighty,buthecanreadwithoutglasses.
?[析]can(could)多用于表达客观的事实,主观能力,而beableto则多用于表达主观的意愿。
?[误]Shedoesntanswerthedoorbell.?Sheshouldbeasleep.
?[正]Shedoesntanswerthedoorbell.?Shemustbeasleep?
?[析]should用于现在时态的句子中应译为"应该",如:Youshoulddoyourhomeworkrightaway.而must加动词原形表示一种推测。
?[误]Doyouliketogowithus?
?[正]Wouldyouliketogowithus?
?[析]Doyoulike…问的是习惯,如:Doyoulikeswimming?而wouldyoulike是一次性的邀请。
?[误]Iamusedtogetupearlyinthemorning.
?[正]Iamusedtogettingupearlyinthemorning.
?[析]usedto共有三种用法,①表示过去的习惯,如:Iusedtolivewithmyparents.?②表示?过去的习惯延续到现在,如:Iamusedtoswimmingintheriver.③用于被动语态,如: ?Oilis?usedtocook?
?[误]Toplaywiththechildrenareveryinteresting.
?[正]Toplaywiththechildrenisveryinteresting.
?[析]不定式作主语时,应视为单数主语,特别是两个不定式用and作连词作主语时,如指的是一件事也应用单数谓语动词。如:Togetupearlyandtogotosleepearlyisgoodforyourhealth.
?[误]Heaskedmedomyhomeworkalone.
?[正]Heaskedmetodomyhomeworkalone.
?[析]某些动词要求不定式作其宾语或宾语补足语,它们是:asksomebodytodosomething要求某人做某事。tellsomebodytodosomething告诉某人做某事还有prepare准备,decide决定,happento碰巧,seem似乎。
?[误]hetoldmetodriveacar.
?[正]Hetoldmehowtodriveacar.
?[析]要学会疑问词加不定式的用法,特别要注意的是what是疑问代词,而how是疑问副词。如:Iwanttoknowwhattodo.(我想知道干什么)。Iwanttoknowhowtodoit.(我想知道如何去作)。要注意的是howtodoit中的it是不可少的,因how是疑问副词,不能作及物动词的宾语,而what是疑问代词,可做do的宾语,所以whattodo后不要加it。
?[误]Iamverygladmeetingyou.
?[正]Iamverygladtomeetyou.
?[析]许多形容词后加不定式,这样用时形容词多是用来描述人物的感情、态度,如:glad,happy,pleased,lucky,sorry,sad,upset,ready,careful,surprised。
?[误]Imtoogladforseeingyou.
?[正]Imtoogladtoseeyou.
?[析]这句话不能按照too…to的句型翻译为:我太高兴了以至于不想见你。而应译为:见到你太高兴了。又如:Sheistoohonesttotellthetruth?应译为:她很诚实,不会不讲实话。
?[误]Tomistooyoungnottojointhearmy.
?[正]Tomistooyoungtojointhearmy.
?[析]这是too…to的正常用法,太如何如何以至于不能如何。
?[误]Iwenttothehospitalforseeingmyoldfriend.Hewasillinhospital.
?[正]Iwenttothehospitaltoseemyoldfriend.Hewasillinhospital.
?[析]在句中表示某动作的目的时,要用不定式而不能用for加动名词。
?[误]Couldyouhelpmetofindachairtosit.
?[正]Couldyouhelpmetofindachairtositon.
?[析]当不定式作后置定语时,将不定式放于名词之后。如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,则其后面的介词不要省略。如:Isatonthechair.这样的用法还有:Iwanttofindaroomtolivein.Iwanttofindapentowritewith.
?[误]Whenmotherwasaboutleavingthebabycriedsuddenly.
?[正]Whenmotherwasabouttoleavethebabycriedsuddenly.
?[析]beaboutto是表达较近的即将发生的动作,可用来表示将来时,或按计划、安排的事。
?[误]Thisworkisdifficulttobedone.
?[正]Thisworkisdifficulttodo.
?[析]在不定式作宾语时,下列情况常用主动语态表示被动。①句子的主语即是不定式动作的执行者,如:Ihavealotofletterstowrite.②句中的宾语是不定式中动作的执行者,如:Couldyoufindmeajobtodo?③在形容词之后的不定式,如:Englishisdifficulttolearn.
?[误]Wouldyouliketoseeafilmwithus??Yes,Idlove.
?[正]Wouldyouliketoseeafilmwithus??Yes,Idloveto.
?[析]在口语简答语中要将不定式符号保留,如:?Ihadto(不得不作)Imgoingto(打算作)Iusedto(过去习惯作)?Idloveto(喜欢作)Ihopeto(希望作某事)Illbegladto(高兴作)
?[误]Didyouseesomeonetodothisworkforme?
?[正]Didyouseesomeonedothisworkforme?
?[析]在感观动词之后常接不带to的不定式。这些词是see,lookat,watch,hear,listento,feel,notice。
?[误]Hewasseenpreparethiscar.
?[正]Hewasseentopreparethiscar.
?[析]在被动语态中要将主动语态句中省去的不定式还原回来。
?[误]Please?Letmychildtotryitagain.
?[正]Please?Letmychildtryitagain.
?[析]在make,have,let后加不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。
?[误]Whynottodoitagain?
?[正]Whynotdoitagain?
?[析]Whynot,youdbetter后接不带to的不定式,如:Youdbettergo.但要注意的是它的否定式是Youdbetternotgo.
?[误]Whenheheardthenewshecouldnthelptocry.
?[正]Whenheheardthenewshecouldnthelpcrying.
?[析]canthelp+现在分词表示情不自禁作某事。
?[误]Inautumn,thestreetisalwayscoveredwithfallingleaves.
?[正]Inautumn,thestreetisalwayscoveredwithfallenleaves.
?[析]现在分词作定语有正在的含义,如:fallingleave正下落的叶子。而过去分词作定语fallenleaves是落地的叶子。过去分词含有已经完成的意思。
?[误]Doyouhearsomeonesingintheoffice?
?[正]Doyouhearsomeonesingingintheoffice?
?[析]感观动词可用不带to的不定式来作宾语补足语,表达一个动作的全过程或已结束的动作,而用现在分词表示一个正在进行中的动作。
?[误]Iwanttoshopsomefoodforsupper.
?[正]Iwanttobuysomefoodforsupper.
?[正]Iwanttogoshopping.
?[析]shop作买东西讲时,要用goshopping,其后不要加所购买的东西。这样的用法还有:?goboating划船gosailing航海goskating滑冰?goshooting射击godancing去跳舞gofishing钓鱼?goswimming去游泳……不要用错,也不要改为其他式,因为这是习惯用法。
?[误]Whentheteachercameintotheclassroom,thestudentsstoppedtotalk.
?[正]Whentheteachercameintotheclassroom.thestudentsstoppedtalking.
?[析]stoptodosomething是停下来去做某事,而stopdoingsomething则是停止做某事。
?[误]Ididntrememberclosingthedoor,sothethiefcameintotheroomdirectly.
?[正]Ididntremembertoclosethedoor,sothethiefcameintotheroomdirectly.
?[析]remember后接不定式是记着去做某事,即该动作并没有完成。而remember后接动名词则表明该动作已经作完了。如:Doremembertoturnoffthelight,beforeyouleave.即在你离开前记着去关灯。而关灯的动作并没有做。Iremembermeetingyousomewhere.我记得在某处见过你。而相见一事已经作完了。相同用法还有forget。
?[误]WhenIfinishedtodothisworkIwouldgotoplayfootball.
?[正]WhenIfinisheddoingthisworkIwouldgotoplayfootball.
?[析]在英语中有些动词后要接动名词作宾语。在初中范围主要有两个动词finish和enjoy,千万不要与like相比。因为like作动词"喜欢"用时,其后接动名词表示习惯性动作,接不定式表示一次性特殊的动作,而wouldyoulike后面则一定要用不定式。
?[误]Whenhefinishedhishomework,hewentonplayingthefootball.
?[正]Whenhefinishedhishomework,hewentontoplayfootball.
?[析]goontodosomething是做完一件事紧跟着做另一件事。而goondoingsomething是在做一件事的过程中被打断后接着再继续做这件事。
?[误]Hesbusytopreparehislessons.
?[正]Hesbusypreparinghislessons.
?[析]bebusy后加doing而不能接不定式。
?(三)例题解析
?1?MrZhangaskedme___thewordsagain.
?A.read
B.reads
C.toread
D.reading
?[答案]C.
?[析]asksomebodytodosomething要求某人作某事。
?2?You___playontheroad.Itsdangerous.
?A.mustnt
B.may
C.can
D.must
?[答案]A.
?[析]must用于否定句表示禁止做某事。
?3?MrBrown___inBeijingsince1993.
?A.work
B.works
C.worked
D.hasworked
?[答案]D.
?[析]句中有since引导的时间状语,因此句中要用完成时态。
?4?I___aletterwhenmymothercamein.
?A.write
B.amwriting
C.waswriting
D.willwrite
?[答案]C.
?[析]当母亲进来时是一个瞬时的动作,而写信是一个长动作,所以写信这个动作应用过去进行时态,表示在写信过程中发生的另一个短动作。
?5?Itsnotanimportantparty,youneednt___.
?A.payforit
B.wearitout
C.tryitout
D.dressupforit
?[答案]D.?[析]payfor-为某物,某人付款,wearout-穿坏,磨破,tryout-选拔,挑选,而dressup-梳妆打扮。
?6?CanI___abikefromhim?
?A.lend
B.return
C.give
D.borrow
?[答案]D.
?[析]borrowsomethingfrom…为向某人某处借某物。而lend,return,give后面的介词应用to。
?7?-MustIstayathome?
?-No,you___.
?A.mustnt
B.neednt
C.maynot
D.cannot
?[答案]B.
?[析]neednt为"没有必要必须做某事",而mustnt为"禁止做",cannot为"不能做"。根据题意是:你不一定待在家里。
?8?-Howlonghaveyou___here?
?-Abouttwomonths.
?A.been
B.gone
C.come
D.arrived
?[答案]A.
?[析]havebeenhere是个状态,可以与后面的长时间状语连接,而其他三个动词都是瞬间动词。
?9?Stamps___bypeopleforsendingletters.
?A.use
B.using
C.used
D.areused
?[答案]D.
?[析]这里是被动语态,意为邮票被人们用来发信。
?10?TheradiosaysTianjinwillbe___tomorrow.
?A.rains
B.rain
C.rained
D.rainy
?[答案]D.
?[析]rainy为形容词作表语。
?11?Ifyoudontknowthisword,___inthedictionary.
?A.lookforit
B.lookatit
C.lookafterit
D.lookitup
?[答案]D.
?[析]lookup查字典,与look有关的词组有:
lookabout四周环视
lookafter照顾
lookaround周围,四处看
lookat看
lookback回顾
lookfor寻找
lookforwardto期待
lookout当心
looklike看上去像
12?Myfathertoldme___playonthestreet.
?A.not
B.tonot
C.notto
D.didnot
?[答案]C.
?[析]不定式的否定式是nottodosomething.
13?Thereisgoingto___anEnglishpartythisevening.
?A.be
B.has
C.have
D.is
?[答案]A.
?[析]这里是therebe无生命的"有"加助动词的句型,即therewillbe,而没有therehave的句型。
?14?There___nobusstopherelastyear.
?A.is
B.was
C.are
D.were
?[答案]B.
?[析]lastyear为去年,所以用过去时。而therebe句型的单复数要看be动词之后离之最近的名词是单数还是复数。如:Thereisapenandtwopencilsonthedesk.
?15?Ourschoolwillholdasportsmeetingifit___tomorrow.
?A.isntrain
B.rains
C.wontrain
D.doesntrain
?[答案]D.
?[析]在状语从句中应用一般时态来表示将来。
?16?Bikesmustnt___everywhere.
?A.beput
B.beputted
C.put
D.putting
?[答案]A.
?[析]这里是被动语态。与put有关的词组如下:?
putaway放好putoff推迟puton穿上putout扑灭putdown放下
17?NeitherLiLeinorHanMeimei___Harbin.
?A.havebeento
B.hasbeento
C.havegoneto
D.hasgoneto
?[答案]B.
?[析]hasbeento是去过某处。
?18?Itscoldtodayyoudbetter___morecoats.
?A.puton
B.takeoff
C.toputon
D.totakeoff
?[答案]A.
?[析]dbetter其后加不带to的不定式,而puton为"穿上"。
?19?Henry___abirthdaycardforSamyesterday.
?A.hasbought
B.buys
C.bought
D.willbuy
?[答案]C.
?[析]因句中的yesterday为表达过去的时间状语,所以应用过去时态。?
20?WhenIgottothefactory,theworkers___aboutthefilim.
?A.aretalking
B.talked
C.weretalking
D.havetalked
?[答案]C.
?[析]状语从句中所用的动词为过去时,则主句中也要与之呼应。而工人们在谈论电影为一长时间的动作,所以要用过去进行时。?
21?Nohurry,please___yourtime.
?A.take
B.bring
C.carry
D.catch
?[答案]A.
?[析]takeonestime慢慢来别着急。?
22?Ienjoy___thelightmusic.
?A.tolistento
B.listeningto
C.hearing
D.tohear
?[答案]B.
?[析]enjoy与finish其后只能接动名词作宾语补足语。?
23?Please___assoonasyougetthere.
?A.ringmeup
B.ringupme
C.wakemeup
D.wakeupme
?[答案]A.
?[析]ringup打电话,而wakeup唤醒。英文中有很多动词词组如其宾语是代词时,一定要放在动词与介词之间。?
24?WhenI___,Iwanttobeateacher.
?A.growsup
B.growup
C.shallgrow
D.grewup
?[答案]B.
?[析]growup长大。而状语从句要用现在时表示将来,即使主句也用的是一般现在时,但它含有将来之意。
?25?Icalledhimandhe___tohaveatalkwithme.
?A.stop
B.stops
C.stoped
D.stopped
?[答案]D.
?[析]这是由and连接的两个并列句,所以时态应保持一致。?
26?-Wouldyouplease___meanevaser,Lucy?
?-Certainly.Hereyouare.
?A.borrow
B.lend
C.borrowed
D.lent
?[答案]B.
?[析]wouldyouplease其后接不带to的不定式即动词原形,而borrow为"借入"而lend为"借出"。
?27?Trees___inspring.
?A.plant
B.wereplanted
C.shouldbeplanted
D.shouldplant
?[答案]C.?
[析]should用于一般现在时态中表示应该,而此句又是被动语态。
28?-Wheresyourfather?
?-He___toParis.
?A.go
B.goes
C.went
D.hasgone
?[答案]D.
?[析]hasgone是已去某处了,不在这里了。所以强调过去的动作影响到现在。?
29?-MustIfinishmyhomeworkinclassnow?
?-No,you___.Youcandoitathome.
?A.mustnt
B.maynot
C.neednt
D.can
?[答案]C.
?[析]neednt表示没有必要一定要这样做。由must提问,肯定句用must,否定句用neednt.?
30?Thankyouverymuchfor___yourbook___me.
?A.lending,to
B.lent,to
C.borrow,from
D.borrowing,from
?[答案]A.
?[析]for是介词,要用动名词作介词宾语。
?31?TheGreatGreenWallwillstopthewindfrom___theearthaway.
?A.blowing
B.blow
C.blows
D.toblow
?[答案]A.
?[析]stop…fromdoingsomething.阻止某人或某物作某事。
?32?ThestudentswillgototheWestHillFarmbybike,ifit___finetomorrow.
?A.willbe
B.is
C.shallbe
D.was
?[答案]B.
?33?Ourteacheralwaystellsus___inthestreet.Itstoodangerous.
?A.dontplay
B.nottoplay
C.toplay
D.notplay
?[答案]B.
?[析]不定式的否定式为nottodo。?
34?Englishisausefullanguage.It___widelyintheworld.
?A.isspoken
B.wasspoken
C.canspeak
D.willspeak
?[答案]A.[来
?[析]本句为被动语态。
?35?Thekiteisflyinghighinthesky.It___abird.
?A.looksat
B.lookslike
C.looksfor
D.looksafter
?[答案]B.
?[析]looklike像……,其中like为介词。
?36?-Look!WhatsWangPingdoingoverthere?
?-She___underabigtree.
?A.sings
B.sang
C.hassung
D.issinging
?[答案]D.
?37?You___seeadoctor.Youvegotabadcold.
?A.will
B.aregoingto
C.hadbetter
D.could
?[答案]C.
?[析]hadbetter最好,意为一种真心的劝告。?
38?Yourradioistooloud.Wouldyouplease___?
?A.turndownit
B.turnitdown
C.toturndownit
D.toturnitdown
?[答案]B.
?[析]wouldyouplease后面加动词原形。?
39?Couldyoutellmeifit___tomorrow?
?A.rains
B.israining
C.willrain
D.rain
?[答案]C.
?[析]if从句是宾语从句,而不是状语从句。所以还是要用将来时,而不能用一般现在时表示将来。
?40?Suddenlyoneofthebags___thetruckandlandedinthemiddleoftheroad.
?A.fellout
B.felldown
C.felloff
D.willbe
?[答案]C.
?[析]falloff掉落,与off有关的词组有?seeoff送行giveoff散发shutoff关闭kickoff踢掉turnoff关闭getoff下车jumpoff跳下showof炫耀takeoff脱下payoff付清
41?He___atthisschoolsincetwoyearsago.
?A.was
B.hasbeen
C.is
D.willbe
?[答案]B.
?[析]since引导的时间状语应与完成时相呼应。
?42?Shedoesntknow___.
?A.whentodo
B.whattodo
C.howtodo
D.wheretodo
?[答案]B.
?[析]when,how,where均为疑问副词,而what为疑问代词,又因do是及物动词需要宾语。如用疑问副词时应为whentodoit,howtodoit,wheretodoit.
?43?Mustolderpeople___topolitely.
?A.speak
B.spoken
C.bespoke
D.bespoken
?[答案]D.
?[析]这句话的主动语态应为Peoplemustspeakpolitelytoolderpeople?对年龄较大的人讲话应有礼貌。?
44?Teachersusuallyasktheirstudents___loudlyinclass.
?A.tospeak
B.speak
C.speaks
D.spoke
?[答案]A.
?[析]asksomebodytodosomething要求某人作某事。?
45?-WhereisMrZhang?
?-Look!He___onabigmachineoverthere.
?A.works
B.worked
C.isworking
D.hasworked
?[答案]C.
?[析]由look,liston等词开始的句子一般要用现在进行时态。?
46?Theresafootballmatch.Please___theTVatonce.Letswatchtogether.
?A.turnon
B.takeoff
C.turnoff
D.goon
?[答案]A.
?[析]turnon打开。与turn有关的词组有:turnagainst背叛turnon打开turn+颜色变为某种颜色turnoff关闭turnover翻转turnto翻到某页turninto变为turnup向上翻
47?Pleasetellmewhere___haveourpicnictomorrow.
?A.wewill
B.willwe
C.will
D.willyou
?[答案]A.
?[析]where引导的从句是宾语从句,而不是状语从句。
?48?We___Englishforthreeyearsalready.AndwecanspeakalittleEnglishnow.
?A.learn
B.havelearned
C.haslearned
D.willlearn
?[答案]B.
?[析]for+表示一段长度的时间词,应与完成时相呼应。
?49?Atlast,LinFengmadethebaby___andbegintolaugh.
?A.stoptocry
B.stopcrying
C.tostoptocry
D.tostopcrying
?[答案]B.
?[析]makesomebodydo(ordoing)something,stopdoing意为停止做某事。
?50?Ourclassroommust___cleaneveryday.
?A.keep
B.tokeep
C.bekept
D.tobekept
?[答案]C.
?[析]应为被动语态。
?51?Ihearthere___asportsmeetinginourschoolnextweek.?
A.isgoingtohave
B.willhave?
C.isgoingtobe
D.aregoingtobe
?[答案]C.
?[析]这是hear的宾语从句是therebe句型。而且是用了begoingto形式。
?52?Itsgettingcolder,Peter.Youdbetter___thiscoatwithyou.
?A.bring
B.carry
C.take
D.get
?[答案]C.
?[析]bring带来,take带走。
?53?Ourclassroomiscleanandtidy.?It___everyday.
?A.cleans
B.iscleaning
C.cleaned
D.iscleaned
?[答案]D.
?[析]这里表达的是经常的一种状态,所以应用一般现在时的被动语态。?
54?Ifyouarenotcarefulinthestreet,acarmay___you.
?A.hurt
B.hit
C.run
D.catch
?[答案]B.
?[析]hit撞上,碰上,击中
?55?Thefarmerswerebusy___readyforthenextyear.
?A.got
B.getting
C.toget
D.get
?[答案]B.
?[析]bebusy后应用动词的ing形式。2013年中考英语语法主要句式知识复习
教案课件是每个老师工作中上课需要准备的东西,是认真规划好自己教案课件的时候了。只有规划好了教案课件新的工作计划,才能促进我们的工作进一步发展!你们知道多少范文适合教案课件?考虑到您的需要,小编特地编辑了“2013年中考英语语法主要句式知识复习”,供您参考,希望能够帮助到大家。
主要句式
?(一)知识概要
初中所学的句型一般要分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。?陈述句中有肯定句与否定句之分。其中可以分为以下五种:
①主语+不及物动词。如:Iarrivedatsixlastnight.
②主语+及物动词+宾语,如:IboughtagoodEnglish?ChineseDictionaryyesterday.
③主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,如:PleasetellmeastorybeforeIgotobed.这样可加双宾语的句子有buy,tell,give,ask,pass,teach.
④主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语,如:Ifounditimpossibletodoit.Pleasekeeptheclassroomcleanandtidy.
⑤主语+系动词+表语,如:TomisanAmericanboy.Thegrassturnedgreeninspring.在初中常见的句型中有Therebe…句型,表示存在某种事物,如:Thereisamaponthewall?其be动词的形式要与其后面相近的那个名词相一致。要注意的是这种句型加入助动词后,也要保持be动词,不要换用have,如:Thereisgoingtobeameetingtomorrow.?在句子结构中要注意主谓一致的问题,即句子的主语与谓语动词要相呼应。
要注意的有如下几点:
①用and连接两个主语时一般应视为复数,但如一人身兼两职时则要用单数谓语动词形式,如:Asingeranddanceriscomingtoourparty.asingeranddancer既歌唱又可舞的演员。而asingerandadancer则要译为:一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。
②有些以s结尾的名词谓语动词要用单数,如:Thenewsisgood(news为不可数名词)。
③有量词时应按量词的数量计算;如:Thispairofglassesisgood?Myglassesarebroken.
④有些形单却意为复数的名词,如:Peoplearecominghere?这样的词还有Police,如果要讲一个警察时,应讲apoliceman。两个警察为twopolicemen。又如apolicewoman,twopolicewomen?
⑤ 所有不定代词each,either,neither,one,theother,nobody,nothing,anyone,anything,someone,something…要作为单数如:Someoneiswaitingforyou??在并列句中表示联合关系的连词有:andnotonly…butalso, neither…nor, either…or?如:Mysisterandmyparentsaregoingtothecinema。表示转折关系的并列连词有:but和yet,如:Sheisagoodstudent,butshedidntpassthefinalexam.又如:Ithinkthenewsisstrange,yetitistrue?表示选择关系的连词有:or,either…or,如:Hurryup,oryouwillbelateforschool?表示因果关系的并列连词有:for,so如:Theystudiedveryhard,sotheyallpassedtheexam??
在初中范围复合句中主要有状语从句和宾语从句(名词性从句)两种,而定语从句(形容词性从句)要在高中讲述,为了使同学阅读文章方便,我们将在下面另一章予以介绍。我们首先来看宾语从句。
① 在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语,如:Iknewtheman,而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语,如:Iknewthathewasagoodman?这时宾语从句的连接词有that,(that只在从句中起联接作用,不在句中充当语法成分,既不是主语也不是宾语,所以在口语中常常被省略。如:Iamsure(that)shehaspassedtheexam?
②if,whether它们在宾语从句中只起连接作用,不起语法作用,当作是否讲。从句中有ornot结构时,要用whether,如:Iaskhimif(whether)hehashadhislunch?Iaskshimwhetherhehashadhislunchornot?
③ what它在宾语从句中除了作连接词外,还要作主语或宾语成份,如:Idontunderstandwhatyousaid?(what作said的宾语)。又如:Iaskedhimwhatmadehimsick(what在宾语从句中作主语)。
④ who,它也和what一样,在句中除作连接词外,可以充当句中的成份,如:Iknowwhosheislookingfor?
⑤ whose如:Iwanttoknowwhosebookthisis?
⑥ which如:Doyouknowwhichbookismine??
在连接词中还有4个常用的连接副词,
① how它的应用最广,如:howmuch,howmany,howlong,howsoon,howold…。如:Howmuchdoesitcost?
② when它只是连接时间状语,如:Pleasetellmewhenthemeetingwillbegin?
③ where它连接地点状语,如:Whereareyoufrom?
④ why它要连接的是原因状语从句,如:TheteacheraskedwhyTomdidntcometoschool.
在考试中常见到的考点是:?宾语从句的时态与主句时态的呼应问题。
① 主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时,宾语从句的时态可以是任何所需要的时态,如:Iknowhedidntcome.我知道他没来。Iknowhewillcometomorrow?我知道他明天来。IknowhehasgonetoLondon?我知道他已去伦敦了。
② 主句中的谓语动词若是过去时,宾语从句也要用过去时态中的某一种。比如:一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时。除了在表达宇宙中的客观真理时,不能用现在时态。如:Iwantedtoknowwhenhewouldcome?Theteachertoldmetheearthmovesaroundthesun??状语从句主要有时间状语从句,其连接词有:after,before,when,as,assoonas,until(till),while,since,by?
其中较难掌握的有以下几点:?
① until(till)直到,在用until表达时间状语的句子中,主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择。如动词是持续性动词,它要用肯定句,如:Istudiedharduntil12oclocklastnight.如果动词是瞬间截止性动词,则要用否定句,如:Hedidntgotobeduntilhismothercameback??
② 由?since,for,by,before来引导的时间状语从句。since引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间,如:IhavestudiedEnglishsince1990?而由by引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间,如:Ihadlearned25Englishsongsbytheendoflastterm?而before则多用于完成时,ago则多用于一般过去时,如:Hehadfinishedhisworkbeforetwelveyesterday?Ileftmyhometowntwoyearsago?
③ 在状语从句中用一般现在时或一般过去时表示将来。它们可能是主句用一般将来时,从句用一般现在时,如:Ifitrains,theywontgotothepark onSunday?也可以主句是一般过去时,从句用一般过去进行时,如:Hesaidifitrainedthenextdayhewouldnotgotothepark?考试中常见的考点有:要学生区别是条件、时间状语从句还是宾语从句,因在宾语从句中该用什么时态用什么时态,如:Iwanttoknowifhewillcomeheretomorrow?在宾语从句中的条件状语从句与主句的关系,如:Iwanttoknowifitrainshewillcomeheretomorrow?
在原因状语从句中主要是
① because,应译为"因为"。它表达的因果关系最强,如:Hedidntpasstheexambecausehedidntstudyhard?
② since应译为"既然",如:Sinceyouwereillyesterday?Ileftsomenotesonyourdesk?
③ as应译为"由于",如:Asitistoohotwedbettergoswimming?since与as所表达的因果关系远比because弱得多。而for表达的因果关系最弱。它不能用于句首,如:Hestudieshard,forhewantstogotocollege??在比较状语从句中有同级比较as…as,如:Thisbookisasgoodasthatone?
要注意的有两点:
① as…as中间要用原级而不是比较级。
② 用形容词还是副词,如:MarywritesascarefullyasTom?而其否定句为notas(so)…as,如:Theydidntworksohardaswedid,而不同级比较用比较级加than,如:HeisyoungerthanIam?
要注意的是表示"越来越"这一概念时有两个句型:
① 比较级+and+比较级,如:Thedaysaregettinglongerandlonger?Thelittlegirlisbecomingmoreandmorebeautiful?
② 定冠词the+比较级+the+比较级,如:Theharderyoustudy,themoreyoucanlearn??方式状语中要注意的是as(连词)与like(介词)的区别。as作为连词其后接从句,如:PleasedoitasIdidit?但后面的句子常作省略,如:PleasedoitasI?而like是介词,其后要接的是宾语,如:Pleasedoitlikeme?
结果和目的状语从句主要有so…that,sothat,inorderthat等几种用法。
① so…that?用在单数可数名词前,so+形容词+a+名词+that,如:Sheissobeautifulagirlthateveryonelikesher?或用such+a+形容词+名词+that,如:Sheissuchabeautifulgirlthateveryonelikesher?
② 在不可数名词或可数名词复数前只能用such,如:Itissuchgoodweatherwewanttogoforapicnic?又如:Theyaresuchgoodplayersthattheyshouldwinthegame.
③ 在much,many,few,little之前只能用so,如:IhavesolittlemoneythatIcantbuyit?
④ so…that之间只有形容词时,则不能用such,如:ItissogoodthatIwanttobuy
⑤ sothat其后接从句,如:IgotupearliersothatIcouldcatchthefirstbus???
(二) 正误辨析?
[误]Thestoriesinthatbookwaswrittenmanyyearsago??
[正]Thestoriesinthatbookwerewrittenmanyyearsago.?
[析]作主语的名词、代词或不定式、动名词,它们往往要带有修饰词,这些词可能是形容词,也可能是短语,但谓语动词还是要取决于这个主语的数,要记住的是一个名词不可能在同一句中作两个不同的语法成份,如:book作了of的介词宾语则不可能再作主语了。?
[误]Toreadmanybooksaregoodforyou??
[正]Toreadmanybooksisgoodforyou??
[析]不定式作主语应该看作单数主语。?
[误]Whathesaidareright??
[正]Whathesaidisright??
[析]从句作主语一定要按单数主语看待。?
[正]Therichisnotalwayshappy??
[误]Thericharenotalwayshappy??
[析]形容词+定冠词表示一类人,谓语动词应用复数,如:Theyoungareveryinterestedinstudyandsports??
[误]Theschoolmasterandwriterarecoming??
[正]Theschoolmasterandwriteriscoming??
[析]本句应译为:校长兼作家就要来了。而Theschoolmasterandthewriterarecoming?则要译为:校长和一个作家要来了。在英语表达法中确实有Thegirlandboyareplayingonthegrass?这应译为:一个女孩,一个男孩在操场上玩。因为不可能这样两个概念作用在一个人身上。又如:thehusbandandwife?夫妻二人。?
[误]Youorshegotogetsomewaterforus??
[正]Youorshegoestogetsomewaterforus??
[析]由or连接的两个主语应以离谓语动词近的那一个计算其数。这样的用法还有either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso也有人称作"就近原则"。?
[误]Theteacherwithalotofstudentscomeintotheclassroom??
[正]Theteacherwithalotofstudentscomesintotheclassroom??
[析]真正的主语是theteacher,而with短语是伴随状态,不影响主语的数。?
[误]Myglassesisbroken??
[正]Myglassesarebroken??
[误]Thispairofglassesaregood??
[正]Thispairofglassesisgood??
[误]Thesekindsofbutterisgood.?
[正]Thesekindsofbutteraregood??
[析]英语中有些名词只有复数形式,如:glasses眼镜,shorts短裤等。如没有量词在前时,要用复数谓语动词,但有了量词之后则要按量词的单复数计算。?
[误]Oneoftheboysaregoingtotakepartinthematch??
[正]Oneoftheboysisgoingtotakepartinthematch??
[析]Oneof结构应以one来计算主语的数。?
[误]Halfoftheworkaredone??
[正]Halfoftheworkisdone??
[误]Halfofthebooksisread??
[正]Halfofthebooksareread??
[析]在小于1的数量词作主语时,如:23,80%,0.35…+of+名词,这时主语的数应按of后面的名词计算。如果名词是不可数名词或可数名词单数,则谓语动词要用单数,如名词是复数则要用复数谓语动词。?
[误]Eachsidesarefulloftrees??
[正]Eachsideisfulloftrees??
[误]Bothsideisfulloftrees??
[正]Bothsidesarefulloftrees??
[析]each,either其后都要加单数名词,而both后要加复数名词。如:each,either,another,little,alittle,much等作主语时,谓语动词全部要用单数形式。
[误]Theboyseachhasanapple??
[正]Theboyseachhaveanapple??
[析]each作同位语时,不影响句子的主语。?
[误]Everyoneofushasaticketfortheconcert??
[正]Everyoneofushasaticketfortheconcert??
[析]everyone,someone,everybody…在作主语时都不能加of结构。
[误]Girlslikedancingverymuch,butfewlikesplayingfootball??
[正]Girlslikedancingverymuch,butfewlikeplayingfootball??
[析]few虽然含意上是"几乎没有",但作主语时仍要当作复数。?
[误]Thenumberoftheworkersinthatfactoryaretwohundred??
[正]Thenumberoftheworkersinthatfactoryistwohundred??
[析]thenumberof意为:某某的数字是……如:thenumberofstudents学生人数,thenumberofplayers运动员人数。不论数字如何都应看作单数。而anumberof与many意思相同,其后加可数名词复数,谓语动词用复数形式。如:Anumberofstudentsareplayingonthegrass??
[误]Therestofthestudentsishere??
[正]Therestofthestudentsarehere??
[误]Therestoftheworkaredone??
[正]Therestoftheworkisdone?
[析]therestof的用法与2/3,一半,80%+of的结构一致,of后面为可数名词复数时用复数谓语动词,为不可数名词或可数名词单数时用单数谓语动词。这样用法还有lotsof,alotof,plentyof。?
[误]Thenewsintodaysnewspaperarenotbad??
[正]Thenewsintodaysnewspaperisnotbad??
[析]有些以s结尾的名词要用作不可数名词,它们是:news,physics,mathematics,thanks,…?
[误]TheChineseiskindandfriendly??
[正]TheChinesearekindandfriendly??
[析]Chinese作为中文来讲是单数名词,但作为中国人讲是单复同形的名词。如:oneChinese,twoChinese…而TheChinese=ThepeopleofChina要用复数谓语动词。
[误]Thisdictionaryistooexpensiveforme?Tendollarsareabigsumforme
[正]Thisdictionaryistooexpensiveforme?Tendollarsisabigsumforme
[析]表示一段时间,一笔金钱,一段距离,都应看作单数名词。?
[误]Whoaregoingtotakepartinourfootballmatch??
[正]Whoisgoingtotakepartinourfootballmatch??
[析]用who提问时,习惯上用单数谓语动词,但which则要视其情况而定,如:whicharebettertheseshoesesorthoseshoes?又如:whichisbetterthisoneorthatone?
[误]Whatahotweatheritis!?
[误]Howhottheweatheritis!?
[正]Whathotweatheritis!?
[正]Howhottheweatheris!?
[析]感叹句是用来表达说话人的喜怒哀乐的感情。它由what与how作句子的开始,判定是用what还是用how的最好办法是将它们换为陈述句,比如:Whatthehotweatheritis!应转换为:Itisthehotweather?那么句子的起点是单词it。再来看感叹句中it前有不可数名词weather,则只能用what。再看第二句Howhottheweatheris!转为陈述句时为:Theweatherishot?这时句子的开始单词为theweather,再来看感叹句在theweather前只有形容词,所以应用how。至于是用whata还是what要看名词的具体情况而定,单数可数名词加whata其余的加用what。?
[误]Wehavetosingthis,havewe??
[误]Wehavetosingthis,haventwe?
[正]Wehavetosingthis,dontwe??
[析]在反意疑问句中除了标准的一些常规外,有一些例外:
?Letsgohome,shallwe?
Letusgohome,willyou??
Shehadtoleave,didntshe??
Doyourhomeworkatonce,willyou??
Thereisnotmuchgoodnewsintodaysnewspaper,isthere??
Neitherofthemareright,arethey??
Ithinkhewillcometothepartywonthe??
think后的宾语从句,与其他宾语从句不一样,在初中只有这样一个较特殊的词。这样的句子的反意疑问句的主语要用宾语从句中的主语,其助动词要用宾语从句的助动词,而肯定还是否定要看主句谓语动词而定,如:Idontthinkheiscomingtoourparty,ishe?
[误]Iwanttoknowwheredoeshelive??
[正]Iwanttoknowwherehelives??
[析]宾语从句中一律要用陈述语序,而不用疑问语序。?
[误]-Ihaventgotaticketforthefootballmatch??
-NorIhave??
[正]-Ihaventgotaticketforthefootballmatch??
-Nor(Neither)haveI??
[析]nor,neither用在简答否定句中时要采用倒装语序。在肯定句的简答句中则要用so,如:Idomyhomeworkveryquickly,SodoesMary??
[误]Look!Herethebuscomes!?
[正]Look!Herecomesthebus!?
[误]Look!Herecomeshe!?
[正]Look!Herehecomes??
[析]在there,here打头的句子中,如果主语是名词,则要采用倒装语序;如果是人称代词则用一般语序。?
[误]DoyouwantMarytogotothecinemawithus??
No,Idonthopeso??
[正]DoyouwantMarytogotothecinemawithus??
No,Ihopenot??
[析]我不这样想,可用Idontthinkso?但hope的否定简答句只能用Ihopenot?这是习惯用法。但这两个词的肯定简答句形是一样的,如:Ithinkso.Ihopeso??
[误]ThatisdifficultforustolearnEnglishwell??
[正]ItisdifficultforustolearnEnglishwell??
[析]It这里的语法作用是形式主语,而真正的主语是后面的不定式。形式主语和形式宾语都要用it而不能用that,如:IthinkitdifficulttolearnEnglishwell?it在这句中是think的形式宾语。??
(三) 例题解析?
1? There___apencil?boxonthedesk.?
A.isB. areC.hasD.have
[答案]A.?
[析]Therebe句形中的be动词要看其后面离它最近的名词而定,如:Therearetwobooksandapencilonthedesk?但却可以讲Thereisapencilandtwobooksonthedesk??
2? Couldyoutellme___??
A? MrsKingwherelivesB? wheredoesMrsKinglive?
C? whereMrsKinglivesD? MrsKingliveswhere
[答案]C.?
[析]宾语从句中的疑问句要用陈述语序。?
3? Yourbrothercametoseeyou,___??
A? doesheB? doesntheC? didheD? didnthe?
[答案]D.?
[析]前句是肯定句,后面反意疑问句要用否定句,同时came为过去时态,所以应用didnthe??
4? Itsgettingcloudy,___??
A? doesitB? doesntitC? isitD? isntit
[答案]D.?
[析]要区分s是has还是is,这里由getting得出s是is。?
5? ___keepmewaitingsolong.?
A? NotB? WontC? DontD? Notto
[答案]C.?
[析]Dont+动词原形为祈始句的否定句。?
6? MrGreenhasntbeentoBeijing,___??
A? hasheB? hasntheC? didheD? didnthe
[答案]A.?
[析]此句has是助动词与过去分词构成现在完成时态。?
7? Youhaveyourlunchatschool,___??
A? haveyouB? haventyouC? doyouD? dontyou?
[答案]D.?
[析]这里的have是实意动词"吃",而不是助动词。?
8? ___sunnyday!Letsgooutforawalk.?
A? HowaB? HowC? WhataD? What
[答案]C.?
[析]这个感叹句是个省略句,其真实的句子应为Whatasunnydayitis!?
9? -Canyoutellme___??-Sure?Shesanurse??
A? whereisyoursisterB? whereyoursisteris?
C? whatisyoursisterD? whatyoursisteris
[答案]D.?
[析]who问的是姓名,如:Whoishe?HeisSmith?或Heismyfather?What问的是职业,如:Whatishe?Heisateacher??
10? Johnlikeslisteningtotheradio,___??
A? doesheB? doesntheC? doesntJohnD? doesJohe
[答案]B.?
[析]当名词作主语时,反意疑问句应用代词。?
11? NeitheryounorI___ontheteam.?
A? areB? wereC? amD? is
[答案]C.?
[析]由neither…nor…作连接词作主语时,其谓语动词要与相临近的那个主语相呼应。?
12? ___deliciousfood!Idlikesomemore.?
A? whataB? HowaC? WhatD? How
[答案]C.?
[析]因food为不可数名词。?
13? ___thereacatunderthechair??
A? AreB? IsC? HasD? Have
[答案]B.?
[析]这是therebe句型的疑问句。?
14? Couldyoutellme___??
A? whenthetrainwillarriveB? whenthetrainarrived?
C? whendidthetrainarriveD? whendoesthetrainarrives
[答案]A.?
[析]could用于现在时疑问句表达了口气的委婉,并不是过去时态。且宾语从句要用陈述语句。?
15? -___badweather!?
-Yes,Butitsgoingtobefinesoon,Ithink??
A? HowB? WhataC? WhatanD? What
[答案]D.?
[析]weather为不可数名词。?
16? -Couldyoutellme___??
-Yes,They___tothelibrary??
A? wherearethetwins,havebeen
B? wherewerethetwins,havebeen?
C? wherethetwinsare,havegone
D? wherethetwinswere,havegone
[答案]C.?
[析]havebeento是去过什么地方,而现在回来了。havegoneto是到某地去了,人现在不在这里。?
17? Goand___theTVquickly?Thevolleyballmatchwillbeginrightaway.?
A? turnoffB? turndownC? turnupD? turnon?
[答案]D.?
[析]这是个祈使句,它由and连接两个动词。注意词组搭配的不同含义。
18? Letsgoforsometea,___??
A? shallweB? willweC? doweD? dontwe
[答案]A.?
[析]Letsgo…,shallwe?Letusgo…,willyou?这是两个特殊的反意疑问句。
19? Joansshort,___??
A? wasntsheB? hasntsheC? isntsheD? doesntshe
[答案]C.?
[析]在此句中应视s为is,而不是has或was。?
20? Idontknow___toreadtheword.?
A? whichB? whatC? whoseD? how
[答案]D.?
[析]因不定式toread中的read是及物动词,已有自己的宾语theword,所以应用疑问副词how。?
21? Hedidntgotoschool,___hewasill.?
A? forB? butC? andD? so
[答案]A.?
[析]这里是表示因果的关系,从句表示原因,所以用for,放于句尾,且常常前面有一个逗号。so引起的是结果状语从句,如:Hewasonlytwelve,sohecouldntjointhearmy??
22? Theyoungwomancanhardlyrideabike,___she??
A? doesntB? doesC? cantD? can
[答案]D.?
[析]hardly为否定词,所以应视此句为否定句。其后的反意疑问句应用肯定句。?
23? TomnevergoestothecinemaonSundays,___??
A? doesheB? doesntheC? isntheD? ishe
[答案]A.?
[析]never也是否定词,所以应将句子看作否定句。?
24? Mothersaidtohim,"Dont___onfootball."?
A? spendtoomuchtimeB? tospendtoomuchtime?
C? spendtoomanytimeD? tospendtoomanytime
[答案]A.?
[析]time作为"时间"讲为不可数名词,应用much来修饰。当作"次数"讲是可数名词,如threetimes三次,而Dont…这一句是祈使句的否定句。?
25? MrWhite,togetherwithsomeJapanesefriends,___visitourschoolthisafternoon.?
A? aregoingtoB? isgoingtoC? haveD? has
[答案]B.?
[析]句子的主语是Mr?White,而togetherwith…是伴随状况,不影响句子的主语。?
26? Thereislittlewaterintheglass,___??
A? isitB? isthereC? isntitD? isntthere
[答案]B.?
[析]这是therebe句型的反意疑问句。?
27? Amperewasthinkingaboutamathsproblem,___??
A? didntheB? wasntheC? didheD? ishe
[答案]B.?
[析]这是进行时态的反意疑问句。?
28? Shehadagoodtimeyesterday,___she??
A? wasntB? didntC? hasntD? isnt
[答案]B.?
[析]had这里是实意动词而不是助动词。?
29? Wellmake___foryouinthefrontofthecar.?
A? aroomB? roomC? roomsD? somerooms
[答案]B.?
[析]room此处为不可数名词,意为"地方,空间"。?
30? NeithershenorI___totheGreatwallbefore.?
A? hasgoneB? havegoneC? havebeenD? hasbeen
[答案]C.?
[析]由neither…nor连接两个主语时,其谓语动词应与相临近的那个主语相呼应。?
31? Helpmecollectthesebooks,___??
A? areyouB? willyouC? doyouD? shallyou
[答案]B.?
[析]祈使句的反意疑问句应用willyou,而Letsgo例外,其反意疑问句为shallwe?
32? Thenumberofdeer,mountainlionsandwildroses
___changemuchifpeopleleavethingsastheyare.?
A? dontB? doesntC? isntD? didnt
[答案]B.?
[析]thenumberof为"……的数量、数目",所以谓语动词用单数形式。而anumberof要加复数名词,其谓语动词也用复数。?
33? Sheshadbreakfast,___??
A? issheB? isntsheC? hasntsheD? hasshe?
[答案]C.?
[析]这里的s应视为has??
34? Iwonder___.?
A? whosebicycleisitB? itiswhosebicycle?
C? isitwhosebicycleD? whosebicycleitis
[答案]D.?
[析]wonder后的宾语从句应用陈述语序。?
35? Itisgoodforus___morningexercises.?
A? doB? todoC? didD? done
[答案]B.?
[析]这里的it是形式主语,而真正的主语是不定式todo…?
36? Peterhassportsveryoften,___??
A? does,PeterB? doesntheC? doesntPeterD? doeshe?
[答案]B.?
[析]has这里是实意动词,而主语为名词时其反意疑问句中的主语要用代词。
37? Mr?Blacksaid,"Jenny,dontbelatetomorrow?"?
Mr?BlacktoldJenny___.?
A? dontbelatetomorrowB? didntbelatetomorrow?
C? notbelatenextmorningD? nottobelatethenextday
[答案]D.?
[析]tell一般要加双宾语,其间接宾语是Jenny,直接宾语是不定式。而这里用的是不定式的否定形式。?
38? LiMeireadthenewspapertothegranny,___??
A? doessheB? didntsheC? didsheD? wasntshe
[答案]B.?
[析]read这里是过去时态,因其主语是第三人称单数,而read并未加s所以是过去时态。(read的过去时与过去分词都是read,只不过读音不同)? 文章来源:http://m.jab88.com/j/86317.html
更多