初中英语词汇知识讲解:介词、形容词、副词、数词、冠词
介词
6.1表示时间的介词及介词短语?
in,at,on,before,after,till,since,for,fromto,until,by,inthemiddleof,atthebeginningof,attheendof,athalfpastfive,atnight,inaweek,inthemorning,inclass,atsunrise,inspring/summer/autumn/winter,onSunday,onSaturdayafternoon,onawinterevening,foralongtime,fortwomonths,afterschool,sinceliberation,beforelunch,atthetimeof,attheageof。
6.2表示地点的介词及介词短语?
in,at,into,to,on,beside,before,behind,above,under,outside,inside,up,from,far,from,near,across,off,down,among,past,between,outof,around,inthefrontof,inthemiddleof,atthebackof,atthefootof,athome,atthegate,atthetable,inthesky,ontheground,inatree,inthesouth,inthesun,inthebed,onone’swayhome,bythesideof。
形容词、副词
形容词、副词
5.1形容词的位置
(1)形容词作定语一般要放在名词前面,但当形容词修饰不定代词something,nothing,anything时要放在所修饰的不定代词之后。如:somethingimportant,nothingserious。
(2)当形容词带有表示度量的词或词组作定语或表语时,定语或表语要后置。如:
Wehavedugaholetwometersdeep.
Theholeisabouttwometresdeep.
5.2形容词的比较等级
(1)单音节词和少数双音节词,在词尾加—(e)r,—(e)st来构成比较级和最高级。其他双音节
词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级。如:
popular———morepopular———mostpopular
important—moreimportant—mostimportant
5.3副词比较级的构成
(1)单音节副词和个别双音节副词通过加-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。
(2)绝大多数副词借助more,most来构成比较级和最高级。
(3)少数副词的不规则变化:
原级比较级最高级
well——better——best
badly——worse——worst
much——more——most
little——less——least
far——farther——farthest
farthestfurthest
late——later——latest
(4)副词的最高级前面可以不加定冠词the。
(5)常用句型有likeAbetterthanB和likeA(the)bestof(in)…
其余变化和形容词类似。
数词
4.数词
4.1数字的表示
三位数数词要在百位和十位(若无十位则和个位)之间加and。
1,000以上的数字,从后向前第三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand,第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion。
4.2序数词除了first,second,third外,其余都在基数词尾加-th构成。
4.3分数分子在前,分母在后,分子用基数词,分母用序数词,当分子大于1小时,分母序数词要变成复数。
4.4Hundreds(thousands,millions)of……
冠词
3.冠词
3.1不定冠词an用在元音读音开头(不是指元音字母)的词前,其余用不定冠词a.
3.2定冠词的基本用法
A.用在重新提到的人或事物前面。
B.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物前面。
C用在单数可数名词前面,表示某一类人或事物。
3.3定冠词的特殊用法
A.用在世界上独一无二的事物或方位名词前。
B.用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only所修饰的名词前。
C用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前面。
D.用在由普通名词和另外一些词所构成的专有名词前面。
E.用在姓氏的复数形式前面,表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。
F.用在乐器名称前。
G.和某些形容词连用,表示某一类人或事物。
3.4名词前不用冠词的情况
A.在专有名词(包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节)、物质名词和抽象名词前—般不用冠词。但在以Festival组成的民间节日前要加the。
B.表示一类人或事物的复数名词前。
C.名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词。
D.三餐饭、球类、棋类、游戏名称前一般不用冠词。正在有些词组中,有无冠词含义不同。
(sit)attable就餐;sitatthetable坐在桌边
gotoschool去上学;gototheschool去那所学校;inhospital住院;inthehospital在那个医院里
中考英语语法知识点归纳:形容词副词
课题:形容词副词的比较等级
重点:形容词副词的比较级和最高级
难点:倍数的表达
一、以练习导课
27.—Yourroomisverydirty.Youshouldkeepit_____.
—OK.I’llsweepitrightaway.
A.cleanB.dryC.quietD.warm
33.TheInternetisreally_________tous.Wecandownloadalotofthingsfromit,
A.UsefulB.difficultC.differentD.safe
23—whyareyoudrivingso____.Tony?Imfeelingsick.
—Sorry,butthetrainisleavingin20minutes.Wehavetohurry.
A.oftenB.fastC.hardD.slowly
30.Idon’tthinkfastfoodisgoodforourhealth,soI_______gotoMacDonald.
A.seldomB.alwaysC.usuallyD.often
24.Nomatterwhathappens,thefactthatHuangyanIslandbelongstoChinawillchange.
A.everB.neverC.stillD.hardly
22.—Howoftendoyouexercise?
—ever.BecauseIamverybusywithmywork.
A.HardlyB.NearlyC.AlwaysD.Almost[来
31.Helenwassoexcitedatthenewsthatshecouldsayaword.
A.everB.almostC.hardlyD.always
28.TheflowersmellsandIlikeitverymuch.[中国教育出版*^#@网]A.wellB.goodC.badD.badly
24.Thefirelastnightdestroyedmanybuildings.,noonewaskilled.
A.ActuallyB.SimplyC.LuckilyD.Immediately
30.---didyougotothecinematosee3DTitanniclastnight?
----No,I________gotothecinema.Theticketsaretooexpensive
A.hardlyB.nearlyC.stillD.only
40.—Sonia,doyouthinkyouaredifferentfromLinda?
—Yes.Im______atdrawingthanher.
A.betterB.goodC.wellD.best
形容词副词的用法
形容词的用法:1、形容词修饰名词,作定语
2、形容词跟在系动词或连系动词后面作表语
3、形容词+不定式,作后置定语
副词的用法:1、副词修饰实义动词、形容词和其他副词
2、表示时间、程度的副词可修饰整个句子
3、时间、地点、方式等连接副词(即Wh-和How类的特殊疑问词)引导从句或后跟不定式
从形容词到副词的变化此类副词修饰实义动词。
1、一般情况下,给形容词后+ly
2、以辅音字母+y结尾的形容词变y为i,再+ly
二、形容词和副词比较等级
(一)形容词副词的比较级和最高级的构成
1.单音节词和少数双音节词的比较级和最高级的构成
规则
构成方式
原级
比较级
最高级
一般情况
加-er或-est
new
long
newer
longer
newest
longest
以e结尾的词
加-r或-st
fine
late
finer
later
finest
latest
以“辅音+y”结尾的词
变y为i再加-er或-est
early
happy
earlier
happier
earliest
happiest
重读闭音节的词末尾只有一个辅音字母
先双写辅音字母,再加-er或-est
hot
thin
fat
hotter
thinner
fatter
hottest
thinnest
fattest
2.多音节词和部分双音节词在其前面加more或most。如:
原级比较级最高级
usefulmoreusefulthemostuseful
difficultmoredifficultthemostdifficult
deliciousmoredeliciousthemostdelicious
happilymorehappilythemosthappily
carefullymorecarefullythemostcarefully
3.不规则变化
原级比较级最高级
good/wellbetterthebest
bad/badlyworsetheworst
many/muchmorethemost
littlelesstheleast
farfarther/furtherthefarthest/furthest
(二)比较级
1.比较级可以单独使用:
Bemorecarefulnexttime.下次小心点。
2.比较级+than,表示两者相比,than后可以跟:
a.名词或代词:Heisolderthanme/I.他年龄比我大。
b.动名词:Skiingismoreexcitingthanskating.滑雪比滑冰更刺激。
c.从句:Iwasabettersingerthanhewas.我唱歌比他好。
(三)比较级的修饰词
1.常修饰比较级的词:rather,much,still,even,far,alot,alittle,abit等
2.比较级前表数量:
Mysisteristenyearsyoungerthanme.我妹妹比我小十岁。
3.the+比较级,the+比较级: 表示越…越...;
比较级+and+比较级:表示越来越...
Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyoullmake.越努力,进步越大。
1)nomorethan至多、不超过、不比...更。如:
TheofficialscouldseenomorethantheEmperor.官员们看到的最多和皇帝一样多。
2)more...than...意为:与其.....不如.....;morethan意为:不仅仅...,不止...
如:Sheismoreshythanunfriendly,Ithink.
我认为与其说她不友好,不如说她害羞。
Therearemorethantwothousandpeopleinthehall.
3)lessthan不到…不太:Itwasreadyinlessthanaweek.
4)nolessthan多达、不少于、和...一样:Nolessthan2millionpeoplecame.
5)moreorless基本上大体上大约或多或少
Theworkismoreorlessfinished.这项工作基本上完成了。
4.as+形容词或副词原级+as:和.....一样
1)not…so/as…as:与....不一样
如:Hecannotrunso/asfastasyou.他没你跑得快对比:thesame...as...与....相同;bedifferentfrom...与.....不同
2)当as…as中间有名词时采用以下格式:
①as+形容词+a+单数名词/;
Thisisasgoodanexampleastheotheris.这个例子和另外一个一样好。
②as+many/much+名词。例如:
Icancarryasmuchpaperasyoucan.你能搬多少纸,我也能。
3)as+形容词+as+数量词=数量词+形容词
如:Sheisastallas1.6metres.=Sheis1.6meterstall.
Yourroomisthesamesizeasmine. 你的房间和我的一样大。
4)倍数的表达
①....once/twice/基数词+times+as+形容词/副词原级+as...
如:Thisroomistwiceasbigasthatone.这房间的面积是那间的两倍。
②...once/twice/基数词+times+形容词/副词比较级+than...
aslongas只要,有....之久;asfaras到....地点,就....而言;
assoonas一....就;aswellas既...又;
asgoodas(=verynearly)几乎,简直,与....简直一样
--Howfarapartdotheylive?---____Iknow,theyliveinthesameneighborhood.
A.AslongasB.AsfarasC.AswellasD.Asoftenas
Themanwaslyingontheground,___dead.
A.aspossibleasB.aswellasC.assoonasD.asgoodas
5.The+比较级+ofthetwo+名词表示两个中较.....的
如:Thetallerofthetwoboysismybrother.
用介词by表示相差的程度如;
Imissedthelasttrainbyoneminute.我差一分钟就赶上了最后一班火车。
34.Sometimeswalkingiseven________thandrivingduringthebusytraffictime.
A.fastB.fasterC.slowD.slower
39.--Thecakeistooexpensive.Wouldyouliketoshowmea_______one?
--Sure.Hereyouare.
A.cheapB.cheaperC.cheapest
26.—Healthismoney.
—ButIthinkitismoney.
A.asimportantasB.moreimportantthanC.soimportantthanD.thesameas
25.Ithinkthesecardsarethanthosecards.
A.niceB.nicerC.nicestD.thenicest
28.–Susan,youknowwhat?Wecanhaveadog!
–Great!ButIprefertohaveacat.Itismuch_______tolookafter.
A.easyB.easierC.easiest
29.—Whichdoyoulike,summerorwinter?
—Iprefersummer.
A.goodB.wellC.betterD.best
30.—Steveisgoodatwritingshortstories.
—Soheis.Buthewrites_______thanus.Sohecan’tgetgoodgradesinwriting.
A.mostcarefullyB.morecarefullyC.lesscarefullyD.leastcarefully
32.Welostthematchbecausetheyhad______players.theyhadelevenandwehadonlynine.
A.strongerB.youngerC.fewerD.more
28.Iworkhardthisterm,butPeterworksmuch____.
A.hardB.harderC.hardestD.thehardest
22.Hisgrandparentslive____inasmallhouse,buttheydon’tfeel_____.
A.lonely;aloneB.alone;lonelyC.lonely;lonelyD.alone;alone
34.TheweatherinGuiyanginsummeris______thanthatinTongren.They’redifferent.
A.coolB.muchcoolerC.hotD.muchhotter
34._____exerciseyoutake,_____you’llbe.
A.Thefewer,thefatterB.Theless,thefatterC.Theless,themorefatter
23.Farmershavebecome______inourhometowninrecentyears.
A.moreandmorerichB.richerandricherC.morerichandmorerich
(四)最高级
11.the+最高级+in/of的比较范围
1)最高级前通常必须用定冠词the,例如:
TheSaharaisthebiggestdesertintheworld.撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠
注意:形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示"非常"。例如:
Itisamostimportantproblem.=Itisaveryimportantproblem.这是个很重要的问题
2)最高级的修饰语常见的词有:序数词,byfar,nearly,almost,bynomeans,notreally,notquite,nothinglike等
如:Thishatisnearly/almostthebiggest.这帽子差不多是最大的了。
3)否定+比较级=最高级
如:Thereisnogreaterlovethanthatofamanwholaysdownhislifeforfriends.
为朋友而放弃生命的爱是最伟大的爱。
◎注意:序数词通常只修饰最高级。例如:
Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent.非洲是第二大洲。
4)最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如:
Mikeisthemostintelligentinhisclass.或者:
Mikeismoreintelligentthananyotherstudentsinhisclass.
2.形容词最高级可用作表语,这时定冠词the可以省略。
例句:Ithinkherplanisbest.我认为她的计划最好。
3.形容词最高级还可和at构成许多短语作状语,如atbest,atleast,atmost等。
例句:I’llbewithyouatlatestbyten.我最迟十点钟就来陪你。
enough的用法:即可做形容词,又可做副词用
1.做形容词时,修饰名词enoughfood
2.做副词时,修饰形容词和其他副词,且后置。
Braveenough足够勇敢strangelyenough很奇怪...
3.Enoughtodosth足够做某事
4.cannot...enough/cannot(never等否定词)...too表示再....也不为过
例:Treesaregoodforhumanbeing,sowecan’tplantthem___many.
A.soB.suchC.tooD.enough
Inarelayrace,aplayercan’trunfast__
A.soB.tooC.muchD.enough
1、形容词副词比较等级的变化规则以及不规则变化的几个词
2、形容词副词的比较级:比较级+than
as...as...结构,(注意:此结构中时形容词副词的原级)
much,alittle,even,quite,abit等修饰比较级
倍数的表达
3、形容词副词的最高级:the+最高级+in...
The+最高级+of...
4、形容词/副词enough的用法
()1Yourroomis_______thanmine.
A.threetimebigB.threetimesbig
C.threetimesbiggerD.biggerthreetimes
()2Whenspringcomes,itgets_______.
A.warmandwarmB.colderandcolder
C.warmerandwarmerD.shorterandshorter
()3______hereadthebook,_______hegotinit.
A.Themore;themoreinterestingB.Theless;themoreinteresting
C.Themore;themoreinterestedD.More;moreinterested
()4Ilike______oneofthetwobooks.
A.theolderB.oldestC.theoldestD.older
()5Whichdoyoulike_______,teaorcoffee?
A.wellB.betterC.bestD.most
()6Thisworkis_______formethanforyou.
A.difficultB.mostdifficultC.muchdifficultD.moredifficult
()7Whojumped_______ofall?
A.farB.fartherC.farthestD.themostfar
()8LiLeiis_______studentinourclass.
A.tallB.tallerC.tallestD.thetallest
中考英语语法精讲例析形容词副词
(一)知识概要?
形容词的用法很活跃,在英语中用处也很多,但英语中修饰可数名词和不可数名词的修饰语和词组有时不同,要特别加以注意。下面将初中学习阶段中遇到的修饰可数名词的词和词组归纳如下:many,no,several,some,afew,alot,lots,plenty,plentyof,alotof,alargenumberof,enough。而修饰不可数名词的词或词组如下:much,no,some,alot,agreatdeal,lots,plenty,alotof,plentyof。?其中some,no,alotof,plentyof既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词。?英语中形容词与副词有原级、比较级、最高级之分,其规则如下:?
构词法原级比较级最高级加er,或estTall
youngtaller?
younger
tallest
youngest
只加r或stnice?
large
nicer
larger
nicest?
largest
重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母时双写该字母加er、estbig?
fat?
hot
bigger
fatter
hotter
biggest?
fattest
hottest
不规则变化的形容词或副词:?
原级比较级最高级
goodbetterbest
Wellbetterbest
badworseworst
badlyworseworst
manymoremost
mostmoremost
littlelesslest
farfarther
further
farthest
furthest
oldolder?
elder
oldest?
eldest
要注意的是许多形容词同时又是副词,如:back,all,alone,either,far,high,slow等。而有些形容词则要经过一定变化才能转为副词,其规律如下:?
构词法形容词副词
一般加lyCareful
kind
carefully
kindly
尾是y时将y变成i加lyHappy
busy
easy
Happily
busily
easily
其他true
terrible
full
possible
shy
whole
truly
terribly
fully
possibly
shyly
wholly
在学习过程中要注意其变化。?
此外并不是所有副词都可以修饰比较级和最高级形容词。能修饰比较级的有:much,yet,far,still,agreatdeal,even和alittle.能修饰最高级的有:thevery,muchthe,far等。?
(二)正误辨析?
[误]Theyounglikesplayingfootballverymuch.?
[正]Theyounglikeplayingfootballverymuch.?
[析]定冠词加形容词表示一类人,应作复数看待。而定冠词加形容词表示抽象事物时则要看作单数,如:Thebeautifulisnotalwayskindness.美丽并不总代表善良。?
[误]Thedangerhasgone,sotheworstareover.?
[正]Thedangerhasgone,sotheworstisover.?
[析]意为:"危险已经过去,最困难的状况已结束。"用定冠词加最高级形容词作主语时应看作单数形式。?
[误]Itisthegoldageoftheyoung.?
[正]Itisthegoldenageoftheyoung.?
[析]golden在英语中多用于比喻,如:goldenhair金发,guldenvoice金嗓子。而gold多用于表达金质的,如:agoldbar金条,agoldcoin金币,但goldfish金鱼例外。
[误]Sheisawarmheartwoman.?
[正]Sheisawarm?heartedwoman.?
[析]英语形容词的构词法很多,其中之一是由形容词,或数词,加名词加ed构成,如:?warm?hoarted热心肠的,white?haired白毛的?
[误]Thereisanalivefishinthepool.?
[正]Thereisalivingfishinthepool.?
[析]在初中范围内所学到的以a字母开头的形容词一般不能作定语,只能作表语。如:Thefishisalive.(鱼还活着)这样的形容词有:alive,alike,alone,asleep,afraid,awake等。?
[误]Theillmannearlydied.?
[正]Thesickmannearlydied.?
[析]ill一般不作定语来形容某人有病,而要用sick,但作表语时则都可以。如:Heisillsick,ill作定语时则另有他意,如:illluck(厄运),illnature(天性恶劣),illtemper(心绪不好)?
[误]Ihaveimportantsomethingtotellyou.?
[正]Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.?
[析]不定代词something,anyone,somebody…在用形容词修饰时,形容词应放其后。但要注意thing则不是不定代词,不符合上述规律。如:Ihaveanimportantthingtotellyou.?
[误]IllbefreeonnextSunday.?
[正]IllbefreenextSunday.?
[析]在表达将来时的时候:nextSunday,nextweek,nextyear或lastSundaylastweek,lastyear前都不加介词。?
[误]Thegirlistwo?yearold.?
[正]Thegirlistwoyearsold.?
[正]Sheisatwo?year?oldgirl??
[析]由连字符连接若干名词、数词……组成的形容词,在学习时要记住两点,其一是这些词中的名词都不要用复数形式,如:two?thousand?wordreport(两千字的报告);其二是这样构成的形容词只能作定语,即用于名词之前,而不能作表语。?
[误]TheforeignerslikethoselittlebeautifulChinesepaintings.?
[正]TheforeignerslikethosebeautifullittleChinesepaintings.?
[析]在名词前若有几个形容词作修饰语时,其顺序如下。?
1.指示代词,定冠词2.数量词3.性质词4.大小?5.形状6.老少,新旧7.颜色8.材料?
但要注意的是英语的习惯是一个名词前的形容词一般不要多于三个。?
如:Whataprettylittlewhitehorse!?
ThosefirstfewshortEnglishstorieswerenotdifficulttounderstand.?
[误]ThebestwaytolearnEnglishgoodistospeakwithEnglishmaneveryday.
[正]ThebestwaytolearnEnglishwellistospeakwithEnglishmaneveryday.
[析]good是形容词,这里是修饰动词speak的,所以应用副词well,但well作形容词讲时只作身体好。如:Heiswell.(他身体很好)。Heisgood.(他是个好人)。?
[误]Thechildrenplayonthegrassnappyly.?
[正]Thechildrenplayonthegrasshappily??
[析]多音节y结尾的形容词变为副词时应将y变为i再加ly.?
[误]Theteacherlookedangryatthestudents.?
[正]Theteacherlookedangrilyatthestudents.?
[析]英语中感观动词后面要接形容词,这时它是修饰主语的,如:Thefoodsmellsgood.食物闻起来很香。Theteacherlookedangry老师看起来很生气。?而此句的意思为:"老师生气地看着学生",所以应用副词形式。?
[误]Heworkedwithmefriendly.?
[正]Hewasfriendlytome.?
[析]不是所有结尾是ly的词都是副词,但friendly是形容词,这样的词还有lovely,lonely,costly,lively…monthlyweekly…。但其中有些词既是副词,又是形容词,如:early,hourly,monthly…?
[误]Youcanspeakfreeinfrontofyourfriends.?
[正]Youcanspeakfreelyinfrontofyourfriends.?
[析]free作为形容词意为"自由的,有空闲的,免费的"。作为副词讲则是"免费"之意。而freely作为副词则是"自由的,随便的"。这些要注意的词还有:?hard努力,艰苦hardly几乎不late迟,晚?lately最近的,最新的near近nearly几乎?like像likely几乎?
[误]Theymusthavearrivedtillnow.?
[正]Theymusthavearrivedbynow.?
[析]bynow是用于表达到目前为止某一动作已经发生,所以应用瞬间动词。而tillnow是强调某一动作一直持续到现在,所以一定要用持续性动词。?musthave+过去分词是对过去某一事情所作的肯定推测。?
[误]Someonecalledyourightnow.?
[正]Someonecalledyoujustnow.?
[析]justnow有两个意思,其一是"刚才",其二是"现在",而rightnow只能用于现在的状态。just则用于完成时态,如:Ihavejustfinishedmyhomework.?
[误]MyfatherwillbebackfromAmericaatpresent.?
[正]MyfatherwillbebackfromAmericapresently.?
[析]presently有两个意思:其一是最近,不久,其二在美语中是现在之意,与atpresent相同。而forthepresent为暂时,如:IteachEnglishintheschoolforthepresent.
[误]Illbebackatthemoment.?
[正]Illbebackinamoment.?
[析]atthemoment其意为"现在,当时",而inamoment意为"马上过一会",与inaminute意思相近。?
[误]ThetrainfromShanghaiwillarrivehereintime.?
[正]ThetrainfromShanghaiwillarrivehereontime.?
[析]ontime为"准时",而intime有两个含意。其一是"及时",如:Thedoctorarrivedintime。其二是"将来,终究"。?
[误]Imetanoldfriendsometimeslastmonth.?
[正]Imetanoldfriendsometimelastmonth.?
[析]Sometime过去,或者将来某时。?Sometimes有时?
如:SometimesIgotoschoolbybus.?Sometime一些时间?
如:Ineedsometimetodomyhomework.?Sometimes几次?
如:IwenttoShanghaisometimesthismonth.?
attimes有时,偶尔?
atalltimes经常?
someothertime改天?
[误]Ihadmetanoldfriendthreedaysago.?
[正]Ihadmetanoldfriendthreedaysbefore.?
[正]Imetanoldfriendthreedaysago.?
*ago用在时间状语中时,主句中谓语动词一般用过去时,而before用于时间状语时则主句的谓语动词宜用完成时态。?
[误]Hestudiedveryhard.andattheendhepassedtheexam.?
[正]Hestudiedveryhard,andintheendhepassedtheexam.?
[析]intheend=atlast意为"最终,终于",表达经过若干努力而达到的结果。而attheend是在某事的结束时如何如何,如:Attheendofclass,theteachergaveussomestorybooks。?
[误]Iwillcomeheretohelpyoueachthreedays.?
[正]Iwillcomeheretohelpyoueverythreedays.?
[析]everythreedays为"每三天",即每隔二天,而everyotherday为每隔一天。
[误]Hedidntgotothecinemayesterday.andIdidntgo,too.?
[正]HedidntgotothecinemayesterdayandIdidntgoeither.?
[析]英语中表示"也",有4个字,also,aswell,too,either,但either用于否定句中,而前3个用于肯定句中。在肯定句中too与aswell一般要用在句尾,而also则可用于句中。如:Shewenttothepartyandherboyfriendwenttheretoo.又如:Ivealsoreadherothernovels.?
[误]Weshouldhelpthepoorgirlinanyway.?
[正]Weshouldhelpthepoorgirlinanyway.?
[析]anyway为"不管怎么"讲,"无论如何",如:Whataterribleaccident,anywaynoonewashurt.?
anyway为"任何方式"。这种常见的错误还发生在以下几组词中,如:?
everyday日常的everyday每天?
faraway遥远的faraway远离?
altogether总计alltogether一块,大家一起?
already已经allready全准备好了?
[误]Youcancometothedoctorsatanytime.?
[正]Youcancometothedoctorsatanytime.?
[析]anytime是副词而anytime中的time是名词。?
[误]Shesaidnearlynothing.?
[正]Shesaidalmostnothing.?
[析]nearly与almost的含意相近,在很多场合可以互换,但在否定词前用almost。
[误]Therearetoomuchmistakesinyourhomework.?
[正]Therearetoomanymistakesinyourhomework.?
[析]toomuch后接不可数名词,如:Thereistoomuchwaterfortheflowers.而toomany后加可数名词,muchtoo后面加形容词,如:ItismuchtoodifficulttolearnEnglishwell.?
[误]Itislateenoughthatwecangohomenow.?
[正]Itislateenoughforustogohomenow.?
[析]要注意的是enough后面一般不接从句而接不定式,或不定式的复合结构:forsomebodytodosomething。?
[误]Thetwinsareveryalike.?
[正]Thetwinsaremuchalike.?
[析]用a为首字母的形容词不能用very修饰,一般要用much来修饰。?
[误]-Howlongdoeshewritetohisparents??
-Onceaweek.?
[正]-Howoftendoeshewritetohisparents??
-Onceaweek.?
[析]英文与中文表达法不同,隔多长时间办一次某事,实际上问的是该事发生的频率,所以要用howoften。?
[误]AssoonasIarriveinNewYork,Illcallupyou.?
[正]AssoonasIarriveinNewYork,Illcallyouup.?
[析]当动词词组的宾语是人称代词时则一定要放于动词之后,如果是名词则可以放在词组其后。?如:IwanttowatchTV.PleaseturnontheTV.也可以讲:PleaseturntheTVon.?
[误]Hedrovequicklyhisnewcar.?
[正]Hedrovehisnewcarquickly.?
[析]副词在句中的位置很活,但主要有以下几种用法:①实意动词之前,如:Hequicklygivemetheanswer.②在be动词之后,如:Thelittleboyisoftenlateforclass.③第一助动词之后,如:Thisbookhasalmostbeenfinished.④在单独使用的be动词和助动词之前,如:Canyouhelpmethisafternoon??Icertainlycan.?但是无论如何也不能将副词置于动词与宾语之间,如果是宾语从句或是很长的名词
词组作宾语则才可以这样用:?
Heheardclearlywhattheteachersaid.?
[误]Thechildrencamelateyesterdaytothecinema.?
[正]Thechildrencamelatetothecinemayesterday.?
[析]表示一定长度的时间的副词不应放于句中,可放于句尾。如果表示强调则可放于句首。
[误]Youhavefewnewbooks,haventyou??
[正]youhavefewnewbooks,haveyou??
[析]英语中的数量形容词有两组。修饰可数名词的有few(很少,几乎没有),afew(有一些,几个);修饰不可数名词的有little(很少,几乎没有),alittle(有一点,有一些)。要注意的是当few和little用于句中时应看作否定句,而afew和alittle用于句中时则应看作是肯定句。
[误]Hespentquitelittlemoneyonhisfood.?
[正]Hespentquitealittlemoneyonhisfood.?
[析]quitea为一固定用法,其意为"十分,相当,所以"。quiteafew=many,quitealittle=much而onlyalittle=little,onlyafew=few.?
[误]Doyouwanttohavemanybread??
[正]Doyouwanttohavesomebread??
[析]some与any都可以用作形容词、副词或代词,在一般情况下,some用于肯定句,any用于疑问句和否定句,但在希望得到肯定答复时,应用some。其次是some可以用来修饰可数名词和不可数名词。?
[误]Pleasetellmewheretheshoesshopis??
[正]Pleasetellmewheretheshoeshopis.?
[析]在用名词作修饰词来修饰另一名词时,这个作修饰词的名词应用单数形式,如:?
ashoeshop鞋店
afruitshop水果店
abookshop书店?
apostoffice邮局
apolicestation警察局
abusstop汽车站?
[误]Heisweakatphysics.?
[正]Heisweakinphysics.?
[析]在表达擅长于作某事时用begoodatsomething,而其反意词为bebadatsomething,但beweakinsomething。?
[误]Thisdictionaryisworthtobuy.?
[正]Thisdictionaryisworthbuying.?
[析]beworth后可接动、名词表达值得作某事,又可接价格、金钱表示值多少钱。?
[误]Dontafraidofthat.?
[正]Dontbeafraidofthat.?
[析]afraid在英文中是形容词而不是动词。这样的词组还有:?
beafraidof害怕becarefulof小心?
becertainof有把握,确定besureof确信?
begladof高兴besickof厌恶?
befondof喜欢?
[误]Theworkhasalreadybeendonewell.?
[正]Theworkhasalreadybeenwelldone.?
[析]well与badly作副词时,表示好坏,如果句子是被动语态,则应放在过去分词之前,如:Thismachinehasbeenbadlydamaged.如果句子是主动语态,则应放于句末,如:Ididmyhomeworkwell.?
[误]Weareyetintheclassroomnow.?
[正]Wearealreadyintheclassroomnow.?
[析]already主要用于肯定句,而yet多用于否定句和疑问句中,如:
Didyoufinishit?No.notyet.?
[误]Look.Herecomeshe!?
[正]Look!Herehecomes!?
[误]Look!Herethebuscomes!?
[正]Look!Herecomesthebus!?
[析]在句子开头用Here时,如主语是人称代词则不要用倒装语序,如果主语是名词则要用倒装语序。?
[误]Sheismyoldersister.?
[正]Sheismyeldersister.?
[析]elder和eldest是用来指家庭中兄弟姐妹的长幼关系,而older,oldest则是指岁数大多少,如:SheisthreeyearsolderthanI.?
[误]Imtired.Icantgofurther.?
[正]Imtired.Icantgofarther.?
[析]far有两个比较级farther较远的,further进一步的,如:Doyouneedanyfurtherexplanation?你需要进一步的解释吗?当然它也有两个最高级。farthest和furthest.?
[误]IwenttoBeijingUniversityfiveyearsbefore.?
[正]IwenttoBeijingUniversityfiveyearsago.?
[析]ago常与过去时连用,而before则多与完成时连用。?
[误]-Haveyoufinishedyourhomework??
-No,notalready.?
[正]-Haveyoufinishedyourhomework??
-No,notyet.?
[析]仍然有三个英文字可以表达它们是already,yet与still。要注意的是already经常用于肯定句中,如Thebushasalreadygone。而yet多用于疑问句和否定句中,如:Haveyoufinishedyourhomeworkyet?而still则常用于主语与谓语动词之间,如:Westillcantdecidewhattodo.但也有时用于be动词之后,如:Heisstillhere.?
[误]HeisveryhigherthanIam.?
[正]HeismuchhigherthanIam.?
[析]much可以用来修饰比较级,而very则用来修饰形容词原级,如:Imverytired.
[误]-CanIwalktothestation??-Youdbetternot.Itisveryfar.?
[正]-CanIwalktothestation??
-Youdbetternot,Itisalongway.?
[析]for一般用在疑问句与否定句中,如:Howfarisitfromheretothestation?又如:Itisntfar.?
[误]IveeverbeentoAmerica.?
[正]IvebeentoAmericaonce.?
[析]once多用于肯定句,而ever则用于疑问句,否定句,及条件状语从句中,如:HaveyoueverbeentoLondon??
[误]-Couldyoupasstheexamthistime??
-No,Iamnotafraidso.?
[正]-Couldyoupasstheexamthistime??
-No,Imafraidnot.?
[析]在肯定的答语中我们可以用so来代替上句所讲的事件,如:Doyouthinksheisagoodstudent?YesIthinkso,/Ihopeso,/Ibelieveso/Imafraidso.但在否定的答语中,英语口语的习惯用法则有所不同,如,Idontthinkso而在hope,belive与afraid后则常用not,如:Ihopenot.?
[误]Shedidntworkenoughhard,soshecouldntpasstheexam.?
[正]Shedidntworkhardenough,soshecouldntpasstheexam.?
[析]enough可以作名词用,如:EnoughhasbeensaidforhowtolearnEnglishwell.(对于如何学好英语已经讲的足够多了。)?另外它可以作为形容词,如:Ihaveenoughmoney(ormoneyenough)tobuythisdictionary.注意enough作为形容词时即可放于名词前又可放于名词后,在初中范围的考题中多用于名词之前。如果enough作为副词用,那么它一定要放在被修饰的形容词或副词之后。?
[误]Youcantbeverycareful.?
[正]Youcantbetoocareful.?
[析]此句话的含意是你如何小心也不过分。too…to的用法是"太……以至于不能作某事"。但在实际应用时也常常将后面的to省去,如:Itistooexpensiveforme.那对我来讲是太贵了。?
[误]Heisgoodpastfifty.?
[正]Heiswellpastfifty.?
[析]well作为副词用时除用于"好"之外还有"大大地、远远地",等意。往往有人对下面两句的对或错有争议;?
Heiswell.?
Heisgood.?
其实这两句都是正确的表达法,只不过其含意不同。Heiswell是"他身体不错",而Heisgood则为"他是个好人"。?
[误]Sheisnotashalfcleverasherbrother.?
[正]Sheisnothalfascleverasherbrother.?
[析]在as…as结构中要将修饰形容词的数量词倍数及nearly,almost,exactly…等置?于第一?个as之前。?
[误]HeissameageasTom.?
[正]HeisthesameageasTom.?
[析]thesame…as是固定的用法,其中定冠词the是不可省也不能换成别的词的。?
[误]Motherandherdaughterareexactlylike.?
[正]Motherandherdaughterareexactlyalike.?
*like作为介词,其意为"像",应用于looklike,belike,soundlike,其后要加宾语。而?alike?是形容词,或副词,如:YouandIthinkalike.Thetwinsaredressedalike。但alike仅作表语而不能用于名词前作定语。?
[误]Whoistallerofthetwo??
[正]Whoisthetallerofthetwo??
[析]两者的比较级之前要加定冠词。?
[误]IhavelessbooksthanTom.?
[正]IhavefewerbooksthanTom.?
[析]less是little的比较级,而fewer是few的比较级。less后应加不可数名词而fewer后是可数名词。?
[误]Therearethreegirlsinmygroup.TheclevererisMary.?
[正]Therearethreegirlsinmygroup.ThecleverestisMary.?
[析]在两者之间应用比较级,在三者之间或三者以上的范围内应用最高级。?
[误]Theboysatthereasquietashissister.?
[正]Theboysatthereasquietlyashissister.?
[析]as…as的用法要注意的是:①在其中间应加形容词或副词的原级,而不可加比较级,也有的语法书中称为同级比较。②要根据句意决定是加形容词还是副词,这要看它具体是修饰动词还是名词而定,如:Heisasgoodashisfriend.?
[误]Theharderyoustudy,andyoucanlearnmore.?
[正]Theharderyoustudy,themoreyoucanlearn.?
[析]英文中如果要表达越来越怎样,在初中范围有两种表达法:①比较级+and+比较级。②定冠词+比较级……,如:Thenightsaregettinglongerandlonger。要注意的是多音节形容词的比较级前要加more,这样的用法是:moreandmore加形容词,如:Thegirlisgrowingmoreandmorebeautiful.?
[误]StudyingphysicsisnotsointerestingastolearnEnglish.?
[正]StudyingphysicsisnotsointerestingaslearningEnglish.?
[析]在作比较时,英语一般要求对比的两部分结构应一致。如用动名词,应都用动名词,用不定式时则都用不定式。但有时在后一个不定式前的符号to可以省略。如:Torepairtheoldoneisasmuchexpensiveas(to)buyanewone.?
[误]Thegirlismoreclevererthantheboy.?
[正]Thegirlismuchmoreclever(muchcleverer)thantheboy.?
[析]clever有两个比较级:cleverer和moreclever,要注意的是不能用比较级来修饰比较级。?clever的两个比较级也各有不同之处,如用在两种不同性质的比较时多用moreclever,如:Heismorecleverthanhonest.(他的聪明要远远超过其诚实。)?
[析]Theboyisthetallesttothethree.?
[正]Theboyisthetallestofthethree.?
[析]最高级的范围要用of加复数形式或加集合名词。?
[误]Thisbookisoneofthemostusefuldictionary.?
[正]Thisbookisoneofthemostusefuldictionaries.?
[析]在oneof后面最高级形容词后要加可数名词复数。?
[误]ThisdictionaryisthemuchbestoneoftheEnglish?Chinesedictionaries.
[正]ThisdictionaryismuchthebestoneoftheEnglish?Chinesedictionaries.
[析]在修饰最高级时应用far/byfar/much加the加最高级。但very例外,如:Heistheverybestplayerintheteam.?
[误]ShanghaiisbiggerthananyothercitiesinChina.?
[正]ShanghaiisbiggerthananyothercityinChina.?
[析]在比较级中表示比较对象时如用anyother其后一般要加单数名词。?
[误]MostofstoriesinthisbookarewritteninEnglish.?
[正]MostofthestoriesinthisbookarewritteninEnglish.?
[正]MoststoriesinthisbookarewritteninEnglish.?
[析]"大多数"一词的表达法有mostofthe+名词,或most+名词。当用前一种结构时,其后面的定冠词不可少。?
[误]Thetemperatureofthatroomishigherthanthisroom.?
[正]Thetemperatureofthatroomishigherthanthatofthisroom.?
[析]比较级用于两句话之间时,比较的部分不可省略掉,但为了避免重复,一般都要用that代替前面的单数名词,而用those代替前面的复数名词,如:Thebooksinthatboxarebiggerthanthoseinthisbox。?
[误]Heisnomorehere.Maybeheisathome.?
[正]Heisnolongerhere.Maybeheisathome.?
[析]nomore在现代英语中多译为:"从此再也不会了",如:Hisvoiceisnomorehere.他已经去世了,他的声音不可能再出现了。而用nolonger表达目前的状态。要注意下面几组句子的实际含意:?Thisroomisnocleanerthanthatone.即两间屋子都不干净。(两者都不干净)Thisroomisnotcleanerthanthatone,即这屋子不如那间干净。(前者不如后者干净。即一间干净,一间不干净。)?
(三)例题解析?
1?IthinkChineseis___thanmaths.?
A.interestingB?moreinteresting?
C.mostinterestingD.themostinteresting?
[答案]B.?
[析]在有than作比较的句子中应用形容词的比较级。?
2?-WhatdoesLucylikebetter,singingordancing??
-Singing.ofcourse.Shesknownto___it.?
A.begoodatB.begoodfor
C.bebadatD.bebadfor?
[答案]A.?
[析]begoodat为固定搭配,意为"擅长作某事"。初中英语中有些这样的固定用法应记牢,而不能似是而非。如:?begoodat,bebadat,bepoorin,beweekin,befitfor?
3?TheHuangHeRiverisoneof___inChina.?
A.ThelongriverB.thelongestriver?
C.thelongestriversD.thelongerriver?
[答案]C.?
[析]在oneof+定冠词+最高级之后的名词应用复数形式。?
4?Thegirlwas___afraid___shethrewherbagaway.?
A.so,thatB.too,toC.too,thatD.enough,to?
[答案]A.?
[析]so…that为"如此怎样以至于如何",此句意思是:小女孩如此害怕以至于扔下包跑掉了。而too…to的意思为"如何如何,以至于不能作某事"。但to的后面是动词原形,而不是从句。?
5?Itwas___yesterdaythantoday.?
A.hotB.hoter
C.hotterD.thehottest?
[答案]C.?
[析]用than表达比较的句中应用比较级。?
6?Whichsubjectdoyoulike___,EnglishChineseormaths??
A.bestB.well
C.betterD.good?
[答案]A.?
[析]在两者之间应用比较级,而在三者之间或三者以上用最高级。?
7?Noneofthestudentswatchedit___.?
A.carefulenoughB.enoughcarefully
C.carefullyenoughD.enoughcareful?
[答案]C.?
[析]首先应判定是选用用来修饰名词的形容词还是用来修饰动词的副词。这里是修饰watch这一动词,应选用副词。当enough用来修饰副词或形容词时应放于被修饰的形容词或副词之后。?
8?___sheeats,___shellbe.?
A.More…fatB.Themore…fatter?
C.More…thefatterD.Themore…thefatter?
[答案]D.?
[析]the+比较级表示"越来越……"本句应译为:她吃得越多,她就会越胖。?
9?IdontthinkEnglishis___Chinese.?
A.asimportantasB.notimportantas?
C.notsoimportantD.importantas?
[答案]A.?
[析]think+宾语从句时,应采用否定主句的形式,如:中文讲,"我认为你不对",英文应为:"我不认为你对"。Idontthinkyouareright.所以不能选答案B。而C、D均为不正确的表达法。?
10?MissGaoisagoodEnglishteacher.Thestudentsinherclass___English.?A.areinterestedinB.areinterestingin?
C.areinterestedatD.areinterestingto?
[答案]A.?
[析]过去分词常用来修饰人,而现在分词常用来修饰物,如:aninterestingbook,实际上过去分词含有被动之意,如:interested其含意是"被……所吸引,感动"。而interesting则为"使人感兴趣的",如:aninterestingman一个有趣、风趣的人。?
11?Thetwinsaretogethermostofthetime.Sotheyneverfeel___.?
A.aloneB.lonely
C.happilyD.friendly?
[答案]B.?
[析]alone意为"独自的,一个人的",它只能作表语不能作定语。Iamnotaloneindoingsuchathing.而lonely意为"寂寞的,孤单的",如:Theoldmanfeltlonely.要体会两个词的区别,如:Theoldmanlivedalone,buthedidntfeellonely.?
12?Whata___cough!Youseem___ill.?
A.terrible,terriblyB.terribly,terrible?
C.terrible,terribleD.terribly,terribly?
[答案]A.?
[析]terrible是形容词,而terribly是副词,第一个空是修饰名词的,所以应填入形容词。第二个空ill是形容词,这里terribly是用来修饰ill的。?
13?Thetwofriendswere___pleasedtoseeeachotherthattheyforgoteverything.?A.soB.too
C.veryD.much?
[答案]A.?
[析]这里用的是so…that的固定搭配。?
14?Whichis___,LiLeisboxorHanMeimeisbox??
A.heavyB.heavier
C.moreheavierD.theheaviest?
[答案]B.?
[析]两者之间用比较级,三者或以上用最高级。?
15?YoudontlikethesamecoloursandIdontlikethem,___.?
A.tooB.also
C.eitherD.neither?
[答案]C.?
[析]在否定句中也应用either,而不要用too,因too用于肯定句中。?
16?Jimis___atallhislessons.AndImsurehelldovery___intheexams.?
A.well,goodB.good,well
C.well,wellD.good,good?
[答案]B.?
[析]good为形容词,如:Heisgood.他是个好人。而well作为身体状况的好坏讲时是形容词,如:Heiswell为他身体不错,而作为其他意思时为副词,如:HespeaksEnglishwell.?
17?Youlook___thanbefore,why??
A.morethinB.morethinner
C.muchmorethinD.muchthinner?
[答案]D.?
[析]多音节形容词才用more或most加形容词来表示其比较级或最高级,而thin的比较级为thinner。?
18?Letsgooutforsuppernow.Imvery___.?
A.hungryB.angry
C.tiredD.thirsty?
[答案]A.?
[析]hungry-饿,angry-生气,tired-紧,疲劳,thirsty-口渴。要注意名词的词义。?
19?-Canyouunderstandme??
-Sorry,Ican___understandyou.?
A.hardlyB.almost
C.evenD.ever?
[答案]A.?
[析]hardly为一否定词,用在句中时应被看作是否定句。在答语中Sorry决定了其意为"听不明白",所以只能选hardly。?
20?"___doyouwritetoyourpenfriend?"?
"Abouttwiceamonth."?
A.HowoftenB.Howsoon
C.HowmuchD.Howlong?
[答案]A.?
[析]howoften用来提问某一动作经多久就要发生一次,也就是提问发生的频率。howsoon是问从现在起还有多久。?
21?ChangjiangRiveris___riverinChina??
A.longB.longer
C.longestD.thelongest?
[答案]D.?
22?Illwork___Ican.?
A.sohardlyasB.sohardas
C.ashardlyasD.ashardas?
[答案]D.?
[析]hard可用作形容词和副词,如:Thedeskwasmadeofhardwood?又如:Itisraininghard。而hardly是副词,其词义是"几乎不",如:HardlydidIsleeplastnight.我昨晚几乎没有睡觉。而且hardly用于句首时要采用倒装语序。as…as即可以用于肯定句,也可以用于否定句,但so…as则只能用于否定句中。?
23?Itisvery___tolistentohim.?
A.interestedB.interesting
C.interestedinD.interest?
[答案]B.?
[析]interest作为名词有两个词义,①兴趣,②银行中所讲的利息。而其形容词interesting是"使人感兴趣的",而interested是"感兴趣的"如:HeisinterestedinEnglish.?
24?Thingsare___worsethanIthought.?
A.moreB.few
C.veryD.much?
[答案]D.?
[析]只有much可以修饰比较级。?
25?Itisoneoclock,butherfatherhasntcomeback___.?
A.alreadyB.still
C.tooD.yet?
[答案]D.?
[析]完成时的否定句尾要用yet,而already则用于肯定句。?
26?ComradeChenis___olderthanI.?
A.veryB.more
C.muchD.quite?
[答案]C.?
[析]只有much可以修饰比较级。可以修饰比较级的词还有much,far,evenalittle,byfar等。?
27?Shedidherhomework___.?
A.carefullyB.careful
C.careD.careless?
[答案]A.?
[析]这里应填入副词,而careless是由care加less后辍得来的,less意为"没有",是否定之意,如:careless-不小心,homeless-无家可归。而carefully为副词。?
28?TheycantanswerthequestioninJapanese;wecantanswerit,___.?A.alsoB.too
C.eitherD.neither?
[答案]C.?
29?-Howareyourparents??
-Theyarevery___,thankyou.?
A.goodB.kind
C.wellD.happy?
[答案]C.?
[析]由问句得知其询问的是身体如何,所以well作为身体状况不错时应视为形容词。?30?Peterruns___inourclass.?
A.thefastB.faster
C.fastestD.mostfast?
[答案]C.?
[析]副词的最高级前可以加定冠词,也可以不加定冠词。?
31?Wewereall___gladthatwesanganddanced.?
A.suchB.so
C.veryD.quite?
[答案]B.?
[析]在so与that之间只有形容词时不可用such。?
32?Katesings___Joan.?
A.aswellasB.asgoodas
C.sogoodasD.asbetteras?
[答案]A.?
[析]这里well为副词,意为"唱得好"。?
33?Thiseggsmells___,thoughitlooksallright.?
A.goodB.well
C.badD?badly?
[答案]C.?
[析]smell为系动词,其后应加形容词,而不是副词。同样的词,还有sound,feel,seem、become(变成)等等,如:Icefeelscoldinwinter.?
34?Waitaminute,Ihave___totellyou.?
A.somethinginterestedB.somethinginteresting?
C.interestingsomethingD.anythinginteresting?
[答案]B.?
[析]修饰不定代词的修饰词要放在不定代词之后。?
35?Ishallvisityou___nextyear.?
A.sometimesB.sometime
C.sometimeD.sometimes?
[答案]B.?
[析]sometimes有时,sometime某一时刻,sometime一段时间,sometimes若干次?
36?Mysistersaidshewouldtrytospeak___Englisheveryday.?
A.alittleB.afew
C.litttleD.few?
[答案]A.?
[析]little修饰不可数名词,而alittle意为"一些,一点"。?
37?Ihave___friendshereandIoftenvisitthem.?
A.fewB.little
C.afewD.alittle?
[答案]C.?
[析]afew意为"有些",few后面要加可数名词复数。?
38?Ofallthesebooks,doyouthink,whichoneis___??
A.interestingB.muchinteresting?
C.moreinterestingD.themostinteresting?
[答案]D.?
[析]Ofallthesebooks是用来表示最高级的范围
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