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英语语法----介词Preposition(Prep.)

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英语语法----介词Preposition(Prep.)
一、定义:用在n.(或相当于n.的其它词类、短语或从句)之前,说明其与句子中另一成分的关系的词,又称前置词。
二、分类:3种
1.简单介词(SimplePrepositions)
e.g.about,above,behind,besides,down,during,in,near,round,since,towards,with
2.复合介词(CompoundPrepositions)
e.g.fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,inside,outside,within,without,into,onto,outof,upon,throughout
3.短语介词(PhrasalPrepositions)
e.g.accordingto,apartfrom(除……之外),asaresultof,asfor/to(至于,关于),
becauseof,dueto(由于),inadditionto(除……之外,不但=besides,infrontof,
inspiteof(尽管),insteadof,owingto(由于)
三、常见简单介词的基本用法
1.about1)关于,有关e.g.
Ihavenotheardsomuch~him.Idon’tknowwhatyou’retalking~.
2)差不多,大约e.g.
About500Ssattendedthelecture.Aboutwhenwillyougoabroad?
3)表示地点:在周围,在附近,各处,到处e.g.
Treesareplanted~thelake.
Theylivesomewhere~thePeople’sSquare.
Don’tleaveyourbooks~yourdesk.Ihaven’tanysmallchange~/onme.
4)“即将”(近期将来)e.g.
Thefilmis~tobegin.It’snearly7:00.Thetrainis~toleave.
2.above1)在……上方e.g.
Abirdisflyingabovethewoods.Thereisaportraitabovetheblackboard.
2)(在数量上)超过e.g.
Themanisnotyetforty,butwell~thirty.
ThenumberofnewSsthisyearis~fourhundred.
3)(能力等)胜过,超越;因太困难、太好而不……e.g.
Theproblemis~me.(这问题太难我不懂。)
Johnis~alltheotherSsinmathematics.
3.across1)在……对面/对过e.g.
Myunclelives~myhome.Thereisabookshop~thestreet.
2)横越,横过e.g.
Thelittlegirlhelpedtheblindman~theriver.
Thetalltreefelldown~thestreet.
3)经过……e.g.
Therevolutiondevelopedacrossthewholecentury.
4.after1)在……后(时间)e.g.
Afterwork/class,wewenthomeexcepthim.
Theday~tomorrowwewillgotoShanghai.
2)在……的后面(顺序)e.g.
Pleaseshut/closethedoorafter/behindyou.
3)仿照,按照(引申意义)e.g.
Readafterme,please.Rewritethefollowingsentences~themodel.
Anewchurchwillbebuilt~theoldone.
4)追求(引申意义)e.g.
Whatareyouafter?Oh,hereisthethingI’mafter.
Ifyourun~twohares,you’llcatchneither.
5)固定词组:e.g.
afteralllookafter=takecareof
5.against1)靠,倚,碰e.g.
Therainwasbeating~thewindows.Heputtheladderagainstthewall.
Hewasleaning~thewindow,reading.Themansawaharerun~atree.
2)反对,禁止(引申意义)e.g.
Weareforpeaceand~war.Isthereanybody~thesuggestion?
3)违反,违背(引申意义)e.g.
Thissentenceis~grammar.
Intheolddaysgirlsweremarried~theirownwill.
Nobodyshoulddoanything~thelaw.
4)顶着,对着e.g.
Weplayedthefirsthalf(上半场)~thewind.
Learningislikesailingaboat~thecurrent(气流).
治学如同逆水行舟。
5)防备,准备(引申意义)e.g.
Theysavedfirewood(干柴)~winter.Manisfightingabattle~pollution.
6.along顺着,沿着e.g.
Treesareplanted~thestreet.
Walking~NanjingRoadyesterday,Imetanoldfriendofmine.
7.among在……当中/中间≥3e.g.
XiaoSunisthebestone~hisclassmates.Theteacherissitting~theSs.
8.around1)在……的周围,围绕e.g.
Shewearsanecklace/watch~herneck/wrist.
Theearthturns/goes/travels~thesun.
2)在……各处e.g.
Hedidalotoftravel~thecountryduringthesummerholidays.
WeshowedourJapanesefriends~ourschool.
3)大约(时间、数量)e.g.
around/aboutthirtyyearsoldAbigelephantmayweigh~fivetons.
4)在……那边e.g.
Thereisaschoolshop~theschoollibrary.
Aroundthecornerofthestreet,you’llseeasecond-handbookshop.
(旧书店)
9.at1)表示时间、地点、价钱、速度、年龄e.g.
atteno’clockattheschoolattheageof40
at(aspeedof)150kilometresanhour
Peopleliketobuyeggsfromhimbecausehesellsatalowerprice.
Note:表示价格时,at须和price连用,如只说具体价钱,则用。e.g.
Iboughtthisdictionaryfor60yuan.
2)表示动作之方向、目的:朝,向e.g.
Hethrewastoneatadog.Thefoxranattheboy.
Heshotatthebird,butmissedit/didn’tshootit.
3)处于某种状态(引申意义)e.g.
Weareatmeeting.Thetwocountriesareatwar.
4)表示引起某种情绪的原因。e.g.
Wearesurprisedatyoursuccess.Theyweresadathearingsuchbadnews.
5)在……号召,召集,请求下(引申意义)e.g.
Hewrotetheletteratourrequest.
InOctober1986,QueenElizabethIIoftheGreatBritainvisitedChinaat
theinvitationoftheChinesegovernment.
6)固定词组中:e.g.
atfirst,atlast,at(the)most,at(the)least,atonce,atpresent,athome,
atnight,atthebeginning,atthesametime,notatalletc.
10.before1)在……的前面(位置)反义behinde.g.
Hewasstanding~theclass,readytospeak.
Neverputthecartbeforethehorse.不要本末倒置。
2)在……以前(时间)反义aftere.g.
Handinyourpaper~Sunday.Wegetup~sixeverymorning.
11.behind1)在……的后面(位置)e.g.
Thegarage(车库)is~thehouse.Hecameoutfrom~thedoor.
2)迟于,晚于,误时/点e.g.
Thetrainisbehindtime.
Theplanewastwohours~timebecauseofthestorm.
3)劣于,不如,落后e.g.
Myoldfatherisbehindthetimes.
Becauseofhisillness,heis~theothersinhisstudies.
12.below1)在……下面e.g.
Hisofficeisbelowmine.Thetemperaturetodayis~freezingpoint.
2)低于e.g.
Heisbelowmeintheclass.
13.beside1)在……的旁边e.g.
Hesatbesidemeatdinner.Thecity’slargeststadiumstands~alake.
2)相比(引申意义)e.g.
MyEnglishispoorbesideyours.
3)离题,与……无关e.g.
Thisis~thetopicfordiscussion.
Whatyouaretalkingaboutis~thepoint.
14.besides除……之外(还)e.g.
WeallwenttoBeijing~ourteacher.
Ilikemathematics,physics,besidesEnglish.
BesidesbeingthelargestcityinChina,Shanghaiisalsothecentreof
industry,education,scienceandculture.
Besides:表示加法,“除了……还有……”
Except:表示减法,“把……不算在其中”e.g.
Helikesdifferentkindsofsportsbesidesfootball.
Helikesdifferentkindsofsportsexceptfootball.
其它运动项目+足球≠足球不在内的多种不同运动项目
Note:expectfor(除去部分与前面叙述内容不属于同一范畴)e.g.
Hiscompositionisgoodexceptforsomespellingmistakes.
(expectfor在意义上=exceptthat)
15.between1)在两者之间e.g.
Cometomyofficebetween10and11o’clock.
What’sthedifferencebetween“between”and“among”?
2)表示两者以上的相互关系e.g.
Aftertheyeachtouchedtheelephant,thesixblindmenquarreled
betweenthemselves.
Thereissomelittledifferencebetweenthethreewords.
Note:betweenamonge.g.
Thevillageliesbetweenthethreehills.TheteacherissittingamongtheSs.
16.beyond1)远在……之外e.g.
Theycamefrombeyondtheseas(海外).
Theaccidenthappenedbeyondthesquare.
Beyondthevillageisariver.村那面有条河.
2)超过,胜过,为……所不及e.g.
Thebookisbeyondme.这本书我看不懂。
17.but1)除了……之外(=except)e.g.
Theyalllikedthefilm~him.Noone~mewasintheofficejustnow.
Ihadnothingintheworldbutamillion-poundnote.
Thereisnothingforsupperbutsomenoodles.
Notes:①butprep.常与否定词连用;②butprep.可跟不定式。e.g.
Thehibernatinganimalshavenochoicebuttoliedownandsleep.
IdidnothingbutwatchTVlastnight.
Ihadnothingtodo
如but前面有do或某种形式时,常省略to。
2)用于固定词组中。e.g.
①cannothelpbutdo不能不…;忍不住…②anythingbut根本不,决不
②nothingbut只有,只不过是…④butfor要不是
Icouldnothelpbutcry.我忍不住哭了出来。
Myincomeisanythingbutlarge.我的收入绝对不能算多。
Sheisanythingbuthonest.她决非诚实之辈。
Thisisnothingbutajoke.
Butforthedoctor,Imighthavediedlongago.
18.by1)靠近,在……旁边e.g.
Thenewlibrarystandsbytheriver.Thereisatalltreebytheriver.
Hewasstandingbythewindow,reading.
2)由……旁边经过,路过,沿着e.g.
Igobyhisofficeeveryday.Hepassedbymewithoutsayingaword.
3)用……方法/手段e.g.
bybike,train,bus,plane,air,water,sea
Thelittlematchgirlearnedherlivingbysellingmatches.
Riceseedlings(稻秧)usedtobeplantedbyhand.
4)表示程度、尺寸、数量、时间e.g.
Heispaidbythehour.What’sthetimebyyourwatch?
Inthe100-metrerace,JohnbeatDickbyashoulder.
5)到……时候,不迟于e.g.
I’llreturnthebookstohimbyWednesdaymorning.
He’llcertainlycomeby5o’clock..
Bytheendoflastweek,wehadlearned15units.
6)依据,奉命e.g.
Neverjudgepeoplebytheirappearance/whattheywear.
7)组成介词短语e.g.
byandby(不久)onebyone(一个个地)
daybyday(天天不断地)stepbystep(一步步地)
sidebyside(肩并肩)littlebylittle(逐渐地)
bychance(偶然,碰巧)byheart(默记下来)
byoneself(独自地)bytheway(顺便提/问一下)
19.down1)往下e.g.
Theboyfelldownthestairsandbrokehisarm.
Itwasalmostdarkwhenhewentdownthehill.
2)updown
城市、北、河上游、近处乡村、南、河下游、远处e.g.
Theywereswimmingup/downtheriver.I’llgouptoTianjintomorrow.
Doyouseethemanwalkingdownthestreet?He’smyuncle.
(并非路面此高彼低,而是那个人离说话人而去。)
20.during在……的期间/时候e.g.
Thestoryhappened~the(American)CivilWar.
Duringtheday,thelightcomesinthroughthewindow.
LaoWangwasinchargeofthefactory~themanager’sabsence.
Gooveryourlessons~yourholidays.
21.except除……以外e.g.
WehavelessonsexceptSunday.
22.for1)为了(表示目的,指人、物)e.g.
Icamehereformypen.Whatareyoudoingthatfor?
Iboughtthewatchformywife’sbrotherasapresent.
2)赞成,支持(表示同意、愿望等)e.g.
Idon’tlikesummer,I’mforcoolweather.Weareforpeaceandagainstwar.
3)替,为,对于,供e.g.
Iwrotealetterforhim.(Iwrotealettertohim.是何义?)
I’llreadthereportforyou.(I’llreadthereporttoyou.是何义?)
That’llbebadforyourhealth.
4)就……而言e.g.
Youlookyoungforyourage.
Thetemperatureisstillabove33℃.It’scertainlyhotforSeptember.
5)表示目的:去,向e.g.
Let’sgoforawalk/dinner.thetrainforTaiyuan
6)限定于,供……用的,给……的e.g.
Theseticketsarefortomorrow.
ThereisaTVset,atelephoneandothernecessities.Theyareallforyou.
7)当作,作为e.g.
Wetookhimforanhonestman.
8)由于,因为……的缘故e.g.
Hewassenttoprisonforstealing.
9)Itis/was+adj./n.+for/ofsb.todosth.
23.from1)自从,来自e.g.
Iam(come)/was(came)fromWuhan.我是武汉人/我从武汉来。
Susancomesfromaworkingclassfamily.
2)离……(有多远)e.g.
Myofficeisfarfromhere.Theparkisjustfiveminutes’walkfromhere.
3)表示原因,来源e.g.
sufferfromdiefrom/of
4)固定词组中e.g.
⑴bemadefrom/of⑵fromthe(very)beginning
⑶frombeginningtoend⑷frommorningto/tillevening/night
⑸fromnow/then/todayon⑹fromtimetotime
⑺fromdaytoday⑻frombadtoworse
⑼fromvillagetovillage(house,person,…)⑽beabsentfrom
⑾bedifferentfrom⑿prevent…(from)doing…
24.in1)在……范围和空间内e.g.
inavillageinatreeinthebedinthesunintheraininherhand
Therearemanyapplesontheappletree.
2)在某种状态、境遇下;穿着某种衣服e.g.
Henoddedinsatisfaction.Sheisinwhite/blue/yellow/green/red.
3)表示时间:A.在……世纪,……年……月e.g.
inthe20thcenturyinMay,1983inthe1870s
Note:inthethirties≠inhisthirties
在30年代在他三十几岁时
B.从现在算起若干时间以后。e.g.
Hewillcomebackintwoweeks.(howsoon)
C.在……时间内e.g.
Romewasnotbuiltinaday.(英谚:大器晚成)
ZhouYuorderedZhugeLiangtomake100,000arrowsinonemonth.
Liangdiditinthreedays.
4)在……方面e.g.
I’mweakinEnglish.
Inbuildingsocialism,weneedtolearngoodexperiencefromothernations.
havesome/nodifficulty/trouble(in)doing…
5)表示方式、手段e.g.
inEnglishinpen/pencilwithapen/pencil
inabus/trainbybus/trainonhisbike
6)固定词组e.g.
inall总共,总计inpublic公开地inturn轮流地
inone’sopinion在某人看来insecret秘密地inreturn作为回报
inshort总之inneed(of)需要inaway在某种意义上,从某种意义上说
infactinfrontofin(the)futureintimeintroubleinaword
inotherwordsinahurryinspiteof尽管intheworld
25.like象,似,和……一样e.g.
toswimlikeafish
LikeLeiFeng,wemustservethepeopleheartandsoul.
Inhisopinion,CocaColatasteslikemedicine.
26.near1)在……的附近e.g.
Don’tsitneartheTVset,youmaygetnear-sighted.
Ourschoolisquitenearmyhome.
2)将近(时间)e.g.
It’slunchtime.Shallwestopwork?Heisneartwentyyearsold.
Note:near与nearto同义,near普遍。但在比较级及最高级中,to不能省。
Helivesnearer/nearesttothedepartmentstore.
27.of1)“的”(所有格)。e.g.
thenameofthebookthemapofHangzhou
thelegsofthedeskthetailofapig
2)表示同位关系。e.g.
thecityofRome/Pisa/TianjinthetownofYouguzhuang
I’msendingmybestwishestothetwoofyouforahappylife.
3)用在表示数量、种类等意义的词组中。e.g.
apieceofchalkaglassofbearacupoftea
agroupofSsakindoffoodalotoftime/books
4)表示动宾关系。e.g.
theDefenceofYan’anloveofstudy/one’scountry
ThisbookishelpfultomystudyofEnglish.
Parents’loveofchildrenismosttouching.
5)用于某些比较级和最高级的结构中。e.g.
Ofthetwobrotherswhichisthetaller?OfallfruitsIlikeorangebest.
Ofallthestarsinthesky,thesunisthenearesttous/theearth.
OfalltheSsinourclass,ChenYilongisthetallest.
Note:在带这种of短语的句子中,比较级前要用the。e.g.
Ofthehorseanddog,whichrunsthefaster?
6)of与age,height,size,weight,colour连用时可以省略。e.g.
Ihaveadaughter(of)yourage.
Weare(of)thesameage,height,weight,size.
28.off1)从……离开,分离e.g.
Keepoffthegrass.Whilecleaningthewindow,hefelloffthechair.
2)扣除e.g.
Ifyoubuyadozen,Iwillgiveyou10%offtheprice.
Youcangettenpointsforeachcorrectanswer.Butifyouransweriswrong,
10pointswillbetakenoffyou.
29.on1)表示接触(不一定在上面)e.g.
Thereareafewfliesontheceiling.Thereisapictureonthewall.
Iwanttobeasailorsailingonthesea.
2)在某天、某天的早晨、上午、晚上e.g.
onSaturday/WednesdayonOct10th,2003
onthemorning/eveningofOct10/thebicyclerace
3)原始概念“接触”,引申意义“在进行中”e.g.
onfireonsale
Heisondutynow.TheyareonholidayinDalian.
4)关于,论及e.g.
OnPractice《实践论》abookonEnglish/radio
Heisonthecommittee.他是委员会委员之一。(属于)
Haveyouanyideaonthesubject?ThisbookisonbasicEnglishgrammar.
Alecturewillbegivenonhowtouseprepositions.
5)(表示时间)在……时候;刚一……就e.g.
Hesaidhelloonseeingme.
Onhearingthenews,theyjumpedwithjoy.
Onhis(Kunta’s)arrivalhewassoldtoafarmerandworkedinthefields.
6)固定结构e.g.
⑴onduty⑵ontime⑶onfire⑷ontheonehand⑸ontheotherhand
⑹ondisplay(展出)⑺onsale(出售)⑻onleave(在休假)
⑼onpurpose(故意)⑽onthewhole(总的说来)⑾ontheleft/right
⑿onthespot(当场)⒀onandoff=offandon(断断续续)
⒁onandon不停地⒂andsoon(等等)
30.over1)在……的上面(⊥)e.g.
Thesunshinesovertheearthinthedaytime.
Theskyovermewasclearandbeautiful.
2)(数量上)超过=morethane.g.
Ithinkheiswellover/above50,andyet(heis)sostrong.
OvertwohundredSsattendedthemeeting.
3)越过e.g.
ManytimeshehasswumovertheYangtzeRiver.
Thereisbridgeovertheriver.
ZhangJianswan~theEnglishChannelsuccessfullyin2003.
4)在……时间中e.g.
Youhavemadegreatprogressinyourstudiesoverthepastyear.
Someoftherubbish,rotsawayoveralongperiodoftime.
31.past1)过了……(时间、年龄)e.g.
halfayearpastmiddleage
2)从……穿过去e.g.
Hewalked~mewithout(saying)aword.
WhenIwent~theP.O.thismorning,Isawpeopleliningupfora
dragonstamp.
32.(a)round1).环绕,在……周围e.g.
tosit~thetableTheearthgoes/turns/moves~thesun.
2)在各处;到处
tolook~theroom环顾全室totravel~thecountry在全国各地旅游
3)=about(约)
33.since自从……以来
Ihaveworkedfor21years~Icamehere.
Hehasbeeninpoorhealth~thebeginningoftheterm.
Note:since强调从过去延续到现在的一段时间完成发生之事(完成时)
after仅表示过去某一时间后的情况(过去时)
e.g.Sincethenhehasmetalotoftrouble.Afterthathemetalotoftrouble.
34.through1)(表地区)通过,经过
walkthroughthegatelookthrough透过……看
Alittleriverruns~thevillage.Therainbeatin~thebrokenwindow.
2)用某种工具,通过某种方式,由于某种原因e.g.
HelearnedEnglish~TV.Ilearnedthenews~him.
Theaccidenthappened~thedriver’scarelessness.
3)整个……期间e.g.
Hewasasleep~themeeting.all~thewinter
I’llneverforgetthelesson(教训)allmylife.
35.till1)到……为止;2)直到e.g.
frommorningtill/tonight
Istayedintheofficetill7o’clock.I’llwaitforyoutillyourreturn.
36.to1)(表示方向)向,往;(针)对e.g.
Itookmydaughtertothezooyesterday.Japanis/liestotheeastofChina.
theway~thefactoryfall~thegroundturn~theleft
2)到,迄(表示时间、数量、范围、程度)e.g.
aquartertoninetothisday(直到今天)
Ithinkheis(from)30to35.
3)(表示对比;比较)比;对e.g.
tentoone十比一;十有八九
2isto6as3isto9.二比六等于三比九。
4)按照,适合;伴随音乐e.g.
make…toone’s(own)measure按照某人(自己)的尺寸做……
Shesangtothepiano.Theydancedtothemusic.
Incompetitionswomenperformsomeoftheirexercisestomusic,so
dance,gymnasticsandmusicareallconnected.(SBIII,P.50)
5)固定词组中e.g.
hearttoheart(talk)促膝(谈心)shouldertoshoulder
kneetoknee促膝facetoface
totheend到底tothepoint切题
toone’staste合某人口味toone’smind在某人看来
toone’sjoy,delight,happiness,sadness,surprise,anger,disappointment,etc.
37.toward(s)1)向(表示方向=to)e.g.
Hewalked~thenorth.Shesatwithhisback~thewindow.
2)对于,对待(=to)e.g.
Don’tbecruel~animals.Teachersshouldbestrict~theirSs.
3)(指时间、年龄)快到,接近e.g.
Itmustbe~fouro’clock.Hisfatheris~50.
Towardsevening,thewindstartedblowinghard.
38.under1)在……下面(┳)e.g.
Hestoodunderatree.bookunderarmunderthetable
2)在……领导,指导,统治,控制之下e.g.
UnderthecorrectleadershipoftheParty,thelifeoftheChinesepeople
isgettingbetterandbetter.
Theymadeasuccessfulexperiment~theguidanceoftheirteacher.
3)(表示主语状况、状态)在修理、建造、治疗中e.g.
Thehouseis~repair.Anothermodernhotelis~construction.
Heis~medicaltreatment.Thenewplanis~discussion.
4)不到(表示年龄、数量等)e.g.
Thegirlisunder10yearsold.
Intheyear2002,amannamedJohnsonfromCanada,ranahundred
metresundertenseconds.
39.until1)直到(=till)e.g.
Thetwofriendstalked~midnight.
XiaoGangkept(on)writinghiscomposition~10o’clock,forgettinghissupper.
2)直到……才(用于否定句)e.g.
Theraindidnotstop~thismorning.
Theheavyfogdidnotdisappear~after9o’clockwhenthesuncameout.
40.up(与down反义)1)向上e.g.
Seeingalargebearcomingtowardshim,themanquicklyclimbedupatree.
Hewentupthehilltoseethefamouschurch.
2)updown
城市、北、河上游、近处乡村、南、河下游、远处e.g.
WefirstvisitedNanjing,andthenwentuptheGuangzhou-Beijing
RailwayLine.
Justthen,theysawacarracingattopspeeduptheroad.
(汽车迎着他们飞驰而来。)

41.with1)用(工具、器械等)e.g.
Mostpeoplewritewiththeirrighthand.
Inthisway,theykilledtwobirdswithonestone.
Hewrotetheletterwithapen/pens.(具体工具)
inpen.(原材料)
2)和,与,同e.g.
Asitwasbeginningtorain,hewentout~anumbrella.
Yesterdayhewenttothecinema~hisfather.
3)穿,戴,有e.g.
Hewenttotheseasidewithsunglassesandawhitecaponhishand.
Chinaisalargecountry~alonghistory.
Isawanoldmanwithgreyhair.
Iboughtabook~alotofpicturesinit.
4)由于e.g.
Hearingthegoodnews,wejumpedwithjoy.
Withafamilyofeighttosupport,themancouldnotenjoyhimself
withicecream.
5)随着e.g.
Withthepassingoftheyears,hishairbecamewhite.
Withthedevelopmentofmodernagricultureandindustry,moreandmore
wasteisproduced.
6)尽管e.g.
Withallhiswealth,heisunhappy.
7)和……同时e.g.
Igetupwiththesun.(天一亮我就起床。)
Withthesewords,heleftthemeeting-room
8)用于被动e.g.
Theground/mountainwascoveredwithsnow.(状态)
Sometimesthestreetsarecoveredwithice.(状态)
四、一些表示时间的介词用法比较
1.since一段时间的起点,与完成时连用
from某时间的起点,常与to/till连用e.g.
from8to10from1840to1997fromMondaytoFriday
Hehaswrittentwonovelssince2000.
2.till连续一段时间的终点
by完成的期限“到时候已经”
to几点差几分的钟点,或与from连用e.g.
I’llstayheretill6.I’llbehereby6.
from(the)beginningto(the)endaquartertofive
3.in从现在算起的一段时间结束时
after不从现在算起的一段时间或时间的一点之后e.g.
I’llbebackinthreedays.
Hecamebackafteraweek/aweeklater.
I’llgototheplaygroundafterclass/dinner.
4.for一段时间,回答howlong提出的问题
during一个时期,回答when提出的问题e.g.
You’velearnedEnglishforover5years.I’llstayinHarbinforamonth.
Heoftenfallsasleepduringthelesson.
五、一些表示空间的介词用法
(一)地点
toat(away)fromawayfrom
XXXX
1234
e.g.1.Hewenttothedoor.
2.Hestayedathome.
3.Hecamefromthestation.
4.Hewentawayfromtheschool.
(二)线段

on(to)onoffoffacrossalong
123456
e.g.1.Themonkeyjumpedontothecrocodile’sback.
2.NanjingisontheChangjiangRiver.
3.Westartoffat7.
4.Hestoodofftheroad.
5.Hewalkedacrossthestreet.
6.Hewalkedalongtheriver/street.
(三)平面


on(to)onoffoffacrossthrough
123456
e.g.1.Hefellontothefloor.
2.Thereisapencilonthedesk.
3.Hetooktheportraitoffthewall.
4.Theportraitisoffthewall.画没贴墙上。
5.Hetookawalk/walkedacrossthefields.
6.Helookedthroughthewindow.
(四)区域
●●●

in(to)inoutofoutofthrough
12345
e.g.1.Hearrivedinthecity.
2.Hehasahouseinthecity.
3.Theyflewoutofthecountry.
4.Hestayedoutofthehouse.
5.Hewentforawalkthroughthepark.
(五)立体
●●JAB88.coM

intoinoutofoutofthrough
12345
e.g.1.Heranintothehouse.
2.Therearemanystudentsintheclassroom.
3.Heclimbedoutofthelake.
4.Hewasoutoftheroom.
5.Thewindblewthroughthetrees.
五、常见介词用法比较
1.at小地方in大地方e.g.
Hearrivedathestationatten.Hearrivedinthecity/ChinainMay.
2.斜above上方over正e.g.
below下方under
Thewatercameaboveourknees.Hisofficeisbelowmine.
Thelamphangsoverthedesk.Thedogislyingonthetable.
3.betweenamong
4.besidesexcept
5.inwith
6.by行为执行者with具体工具e.g.
Hewaskilledbytheenemy.Thepaperwascutbyaknife.
7.in在某范围以内的地方
to在某范围以外的地方
on表示“毗邻、接壤”e.g.
Fujianlies/isinthesouthofChina.
Fujianlies/istothesouthofJiangsuProvince.
MongolialiesonthenorthofChina.
ChinafacesthePacificontheeast.=Chinalies/isonthewestofthePacific.

延伸阅读

高考英语介词语法专题


一位优秀的教师不打无准备之仗,会提前做好准备,作为高中教师就要好好准备好一份教案课件。教案可以让学生能够在课堂积极的参与互动,帮助高中教师能够井然有序的进行教学。所以你在写高中教案时要注意些什么呢?以下是小编为大家收集的“高考英语介词语法专题”供大家借鉴和使用,希望大家分享!

《高考风向标》英语
目录
第一部分教材梳理
必修一
Unit1Friendship
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测

Unit2Englisharoundtheworld
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测

Unit3Traveljournal
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测

Unit4Earthquakes
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测

Unit5NelsonMandela—amodernhero
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测

必修二
Unit1Culturalrelics
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测

Unit2TheOlympicGames
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测

Unit3Computers
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测

Unit4Wildlifeprotection
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测

Unit5Music
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测

必修三
Unit1Festivalsaroundtheworld
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测

Unit2Healthyeating
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测

Unit3TheMillionPoundBankNote
单元要点预览
语言要点
词语辨析
词性变化
重点单词
重点词组
重点句子
课文要点
课文词汇填空
课文大意概括
课文佳句背诵与仿写
单元自测

……

第二部分语法专题
专题一冠词
专题二名词
专题三代词
专题四数词
专题五形容词和副词
专题六介词
专题七情态动词
专题八非谓语动词
专题九动词和动词短语
专题十动词的时态
专题十一动词的语态
专题十二句子种类
专题十三名词性从句
专题十四定语从句
专题十五状语从句
专题十六倒装句和省略句
专题十七强调句
专题十八虚拟语气
专题十九主谓一致
专题二十直接引语和间接引语

第三部分高考题型讲练
听力
完形填空
语法填空
阅读理解
信息匹配
基础写作
读写任务
第二部分语法专题

专题六介词
I、重点难点解析
介词又叫前置词,是一种虚词。介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。介词短语在句中可作定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
一介词从结构上分类一览表
介词的分类
简单
介词只有单独一个词的介词
after,at,on,in,during,since,till等(时间介词);across,over,through,past,near,to,above等(方位介词);by,for,down,from,of,off,behind,below,beneath,beside,between,beyond,up,with,about,against,along,among,around...
复合
介词由两个单一词合成的介词
into,inside,onto,outside,throughout,towards,upon,within,without…
短语
介词(1)形容词,分词或副词+介词
accordingto,awayfrom,downto,insideof,nearto,oppositeto,owingto...
(2)连词+介词
asfor,asto,becauseof…
(3)介词+介词(又称双重介词)
fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween...
(4)介词+名词+介词
bymeansof,infrontof,inspiteof,onaccountof,withregardto……
(5)其他
(名词十介词)thanksto
由其他词类转用(1)分词concerning(关于),considering(就……而论),including(包括),regarding(关于)
(2)形容词
或副词like(像),near(接近).opposite(在……对面),unlike(不像),round(围绕……),next(和……邻接)
(3)连词than,but(除……之外)
(4)名词despite(不顾;不管)
二主要介词区别
1.表示时间的at,in,on:
at表示片刻的时间,如:at8a.m.常用词组有:atdawn,atnoon,atnight,atmidnight,attheendof,atthattime,atChristmas,atNewYear等。
in表示一段的时间,如:inthemorning/afternoon/evening,inOctober,in1998,inthe21stcentury,insummer,inthepast,inthefuture等。
on指特定的日子,时间:onMonday,onChristmasEve,onMayDay,onawarmmorning,onSeptember12,onthatday等。
2.表示时间的since和from:
since“自从…以来”,常与现在完成时、现在完成进行时连用。
from“自…起”,一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。如:Ihopetodomorningexercisesfromtoday./Wehavenotseeneachothersince1995.
3.表示时间的in和after:
in+时间段,一般用于将来时。如:WeIIbebackinthreedays.
after+时间段,一般用于过去时。如:Aftertwomonthshereturned.
注意:after+时间点,可用于过去时和将来时。如:Afterseventherainbegantofall./Whatshallwedoaftergraduation?
4.表示方位的in,on,to:
in表示“在…内”,BeijingisinthenorthofChina.
on指“与…接壤,在河/江畔”,KorealiesontheeastofChina
to指在境外某方向,只强调方向JapanliestotheeastofChina.
5.表示“在……上”的on和in:
on只表示在某物的表面上,如:Thereisabookonthepieceofpaper.
in表示占去某物一部分,如:Thereisaninterestingarticleinthenewspaper./Hedugaholeinthewall.
6.表示“穿过……”的through,over和across:
through指在内部穿过,
across则指在表面上的横穿,
over指在上方过去,跨越。如:TheGreatWallwindsitswayfromwesttoeast,acrossdeserts,overmountains,throughvalleys,tillatlastitreachesthesea.
7.Intheend,attheendof,bytheendof
intheend意为“最后”、“终于”;如:Intheendtheyreachedaplaceofsafety
attheendof表示“在…末梢”,“到…尽头”,既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体;如:
Attheendoftheroadstandsabeautifulgarden.
TheydecidedtohaveanEnglisheveningattheendofthisweek.
bytheendof作“到…末为止”解,只能指时间,如:Bytheendoflastmonthhehadfinishedthenovel.
8.between,among:
between一般表示两者之间。如:Youaretositbetweenyourfatherandme
among用于三者或三者以上的中间。如:.Thegirlquicklydisappearedamongthecrowd.
注意:有时虽然是三个以上的人或东西,如果强调两两相互间接关系,仍用between。如:Agreementsweremadebetweenthedifferentcountries.在谈事物间的差别时,总是用between。如:Theydon’tknowthedifferencebetweenwheat,oatsandbarley.
9.besides,except,but,exceptfor:
besides指“除了……还有”。如:TwoforeignteacherswerepresentatthemeetingbesidesSmith.;
except指“除…外”,不能放在句首。如:WegotoschooleverydayexceptSunday.
but与except意思相近,常用在no,all,nobody,anywhere,everything,no等词和其他疑问词后面。如:Whobutafoolwoulddosuchathing?exceptfor表示“如无……就,只是”表明理由细节。如:Hisdiaryisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.
10.表示用工具和手段的by,in,with:
by表用工具(bytrain/land/hand/email…)或手段(byreading…),其后的名词前不带冠词;
with表用工具(withapencil/oureyes),其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词修饰;
in表示用材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等(inpencil/English/alowvoice…)
11.as,like:
as指身份、资格,意为“作为”。如:Letmespeaktoyouasafather.(事实是父亲)
like作“象……一样”解。如:Letmespeaktoyoulikeafather.(事实上不是父亲)。
12.as,with都有“随着…”之意。
as为连词,后接从句。如:Asthedaywenton,theweathergotworse
with为介词,后接名词或代词。.如:Withspringcomingon,theweathergetswarmer.
II、实战演练
一、介词比较精练,用适当的介词填空
1.1)__________thenightofMay4th,mygoodfriendleftforCanada.
2)__________nightyoucanseethestarstwinkleinthesky.
3)__________Sundaymorning/acoldmorningMariewaswokenupbyaloudnoise.
4)__________themorningsheoftenhasmilkandsomebreadforbreakfast.
5)__________the1970swehadahardtime.
2.1)Kateiswriting__________afriendofhers.
2)Kateiswriting__________apieceofpaper.
3)Kateiswriting__________blueink.
4)Kateiswriting__________apieceofchalkontheblackboard.
5)Kateiswritingaletter__________anoldmanwhocan’twrite.
3.1)Weallpassedtheexam________theend.
2)Wehadfinishedlearningfivebooks__________theendoflastterm.
3)Wewillholdaparty___________theendofthisterm.
4.1)Theapples________thetreeareripe.
2)Thebirds_________thetreearesingingmerrily.
3)ThereisamapofChina_________thebackwall.
4)Thereisasmallhole____________thewall.
5.1)Chinalies__________thewestofJapan.
2)Canadalies_________thenorthoftheUSA.
3)Canadalies_________thenorthofNorthAmerica.
6.1)Hecandoeverything__________cooking.
2)Hecanspeaktwootherlanguages__________English.
3)Hedidnothing_________watchTVallday.
4)Theroadwasempty__________________severalcarsatthattime.
7.1)Themantriedtowalk__________thebigrock.
2)Themanwalked__________theroadandgotonabus.
3)Themansawsomebeautifulbirdswhenwalking__________thewoods.
8.1)Thereisnosecret_________youandme.
2)Youarethetallest___________myfriends.
3)Thereisabreak____________classes.
9.1)________timepassed,thingsseemedtogetworse.
2)_______timegoingby,heknowsmoreandmore.
10.1)HewillleaveforKorea_________threedays.
2)HewenttoBeijingandreturned___________threedays.
3)Hewillbeback___________3p.m.
4)HehaslivedinParis__________threeyearsago.
5)Itkeptrainingheavily___________Monday_________Wednesday.

二、语法填空
阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后选用适当的介词填空
ItwassoniceanafternoonthatIdecidedtogoforalittlewalk1mynewboots---theonesI’dseenadvertisedonTV2“theworld’sbestboots”.Well,3theory,yes,theywereverycomfortablebootsbutIsoonfoundthatinfacttheygavemeblisters.IngeneralIdoenjoywalking,butatthatmomentallIwantedwasrestandrefreshment,inotherwords,Ineededtositdown,haveadrinkandgohome4thebus.ThelastbushomewasinhalfanhourandIwasfar5thebusstopsoIwouldhavetogetthere6ahurry.AtlastIgottothebusstopjustintime7adrinkatthepubbeforethebuscame.Ilimpedtothebusstopinthehope8gettingon.ButIwasoutofluckbecausethebuswasfullup---notevenstandingroom!IknewI’dnevermakeithomeonfootandIwas9thepointofreturningtothepubtodrownmysorrowswhenanotherbuscameroundthecorner,completelyempty.Igoton,satbymyselfatthebackandstartedtofeel10peacewiththeworldagainasItookoffmyboots!

答案:1.On,At,On,In,In2.to,on,in,with,for3.in,by,at4.on,in,on,in5.to,on,in6.except,besides,but,exceptfor7.over,across,through/in8.between,among,between9.As,With10.in,after,at,since,from…to
1.in2.as3.in4.on5.from6.in7.for8.of9.on10.at

高考英语语法语法专题


天津一中名师英语教案:高考语法
第一部分英语基本句型结构
主+谓结构Westudyforthebenefitofourcountry.
主+谓+宾结构Weshouldhelpeachotherandcareforeachother.
主+系+表结构Wegotlostinthewoods.Hebecameangry.Hemadeanartist.

主+谓+宾+宾结构

Igavehimabooktheotherday.
Hewasgivenabooktheotherday.
We’dbettermaketeaforhimbeforehand.
Hepromisedmetocomeearlier.
Heexplainedtousthattheearthgoesaroundthesun.
Theymusthavemadefulluseoftheirsparetimetostudy.
(Fullusemusthavebeenmadeoftheirsparetimetostudy.)
(Theirsparetimemusthavebeenmadefulluseoftostudy.)

主+谓+宾+宾补结构

Wemadehimmonitorofourclass.
Hesleptwiththewindowopen.
HowcanIstudywiththemusicon?
Welastfoundhiminthehut.
Wesawhimenteringtheroom.
HowcanIstudywiththemusicplayedoneveryday?
(HowcanIstudywiththemusicbeingplayedoneveryday?)
Thisisthefirstvolumeofhebook,withthesecondtocomeoutnextmonth.
Therebe结构
Thereusedtobeapinetreeinfrontofthemountain.
Therehappenedtobeastormtheotherday.

祈使结构
Women,carryingbabies,getonthebusfirst.
---Alice,youfeedthebirdtoday.
---Whyme?

倒装结构

Hetoldmeneveroncehadheseensuchabetterresult.
---Haveyoureadbothofthisnovelsrecently?
---No.NeithershallIread.
SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplemanwithgreatachievements.
Sobravedidhelookthathescaredtheenemytodeath.
Soharddidheworkthathewontheprizefinally.
Atnotimeshallweusenuclearweaponsfirst.
强调句结构
Whatwasitthatmadehimupsettheotherday?
HedoesgetupveryearlyeverySunday.

省略结构
Chinaisnolongerwhatsheusedtobe.
Neverspeakuntilaskedto.
Hedidn’tcometothemeeting,butweallthoughheshouldhave
感叹结构
YoucanhardlyimaginehowworriedIwasatthattime.
Whatfun(itis)tojumpintoapoolonahotsummerday!
主谓主补结构
Shelayinbed,awake.
Heleftabeggarandreturnedamillionaire.

第二部分高考英语句子整体认知部分
并列句
英语并列句连接词:(并列连词务必要放在句中来使用)
andbut(andyet)yetandthenotherwiseor(orelse)so
neither…noreither…orboth…and…notonly…butalso
whether…or
forwhenwhile
主从复合句
主从复合句连接词
1.名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)
that(无中文意思,无语法功能)
whether/if,asif/asthoughbecause(有中文意思,但无语法功能)
whowhomwhosewhichwhenwherewhy
how(howmany…)howoftenhowsoonhowlong(所有含有w/h引导的从句均为从句连接词)
w/h-ever(用在名词性从句中表示强调的作用)
2.定语从句引导词(限定性与非限定性;定整体与定部分的认知)
whichwhothatwhomwhosewhenwhere(介词+which)
名词+of+which
which/as引导非限定性定语从句
3.时间状语从句
whenwhileas
assoonas(themomenttheminutetheseconddirectlyimmediatelyHardlyhad…when
Nosoonerhad…thanScarcelyhad…then)
beforesinceuntiljustas
aftertillonce
eachtimeeverytimethefirsttimethelasttimetheyear(名词作为连词)
4.原因状语从句
becausesinceasnowthatseeingthatconsidering
when(既然)
5.条件状语从句
ifunlessprovided(providing)supposing
Suppose(that)(大写放在句首使用)onconditionthat
aslongassolongasincase(that)once
6.目的状语从句
sothat(后面有情态动词can/couldmay/might)inorderthat
7.结果状语从句
so…thatsuch…thatsothat(后面无任何情态动词)
8.方式状语从句
asjustas(in)theway
asif/asthough(后面根据句子逻辑采用虚拟或非虚拟)
9.比较状语从句
as…asnotso…asthan
倍数比较的各种句型
10.地点状语从句
wherewherever
11.让步状语从句
althoughthoughnomatter+w/hw/h-ever
whether…or…
while
as(倒装)
evenif/eventhough(根据句子逻辑采用虚拟或者非虚拟)

高三英语教案:《语法介词及介词短语》教学设计


【考纲解读】

介词主要考查近义词的用法区别、介词的特定含义、介词和连词易混淆的项目、介词的固定用法等,在2011年和2012年全国各地高考试题中,都涉及到介词的考查,不仅在单项填空中进行考查,在短文改错题中,对于介词的有无、介词与其他词的固定搭配的考查尤为频繁。笔者认为因为介词的用法非常普遍,它关系到句子的上下衔接,所以以后的高考题介词仍然是一个考查热点。

高考研究介词是英语中比较活跃的词,中学阶段所学的介词有40多个。它与名词、形容词、副词和动词等构成搭配时用法灵活,意义丰富。搭配比较活跃的介词主要有in,out,up,down,on,off,to,from,for,over,with等。预测今后高考介词的考查将以介词的固定短语和介词辨析为主。在学习介词时,应重点掌握介词的基本用法,同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。

【知识要点】

介词又叫前置词,是一种虚词。

1.介词可按其构成分为:

(1)简单介词,即一个介词,如about,at,in,of,since等。

(2)复合介词,由两个介词组成,如as for,as to,out of等。?

(3)二重介词,由两个介词搭配而成,但没有复合介词那样固定,如from under,from behind,until after,except in等。?

(4)短语介词,由短语构成,如?according? to,because of,in spite of,on behalf of,with reference to等。?

(5)分词介词,由现在分词构成,如regarding,concerning,including等。

2.介词还可按其词义分为下列常见的几种:

(1)表地点(包括动向),如about,

above,across,after,along,among,around,at,before,behind,below,beneath,beside,between,beyond,by,down,from,in,into,near,off,on,over,through,throughout,to,towards,under,up,upon,with,within,without等。?

[注]有不少表地点的介词可表动向,除很明显的across,around,over,towards,near外,还有among,behind,beneath,between,on,to,under等。

(2)表时间,如about,after,around,as,at,before,behind,between,by,during,for,from,in,into,of,on,over,past,since,through,throughout,till(until),to,towards,within等。?

(3)表除去,如besides,but,except等。?

(4)表比较,如as,like,above,over等。?

(5)表反对,如against,with等。?

(6)表原因、目的,如for,with,from等。?

(7)表结果,如to,with,without等。?

(8)表手段、方式,如by,in,with等。?

(9)表所属,如of,with等。?

(10)表条件,如on,without,?considering?等。?

(11)表让步,如despite,in spite of等。?

(12)表关于,如about,concerning,?regarding?,with regard to,as for,as to等。?

(13)表对于,如to,for,over,at,with等。?

(14)表根据,如on,according to等。?

(15)表其他,如for(赞成),without(没有)等。?

(一)介词的句法功能

介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成份,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。

1、作定语:The book on the table is mine.

2、作状语:We have breakfast at seven.(表时间);They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因);They started the machine by pressing the button.(表方法)

3、作表语:My dictionary 中学is in the bag.

4、作宾语补足语:I found him in the office.

(二)主要介词区别

1、表示时间的at, in, on:at表示片刻的时间,如:at 8 o’clock ,常用词组有:at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year等。in表示一段的时间,如:in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。on总是跟日子有关,on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following, on May Day, on a warm morning等。

2、表示时间的since和from:since表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程,常与现在完成时连用。from表示从时间的某一点开始,不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。如:I hope to do morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995.

3、表示时间的in和after:两者都表示“在(某个时间)之后,区别在于in表示“在(一段时间)之后”,而after则表示“在(某一具体时间点之后)”,in短语和将来时态连用,after短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。如:We’ll be back in three days./ After seven the rain began to fall./ What shall we do after graduation?

注意:after有时也可以表示在一段时间之后(常用在过去时里)。如:After two months he returned.

4、表示地理位置的in, on, to:in表示在某范围内,on指与什么毗邻,to指在某环境范围之外。如:Changchun is in the northeast of China./ Mongolia is on the north of China./ Japan is to the east of China.

5、表示“在……上”的on和in:on只表示在某物的表面上,而用in表示占去某物一部分。 如:There is a book on the piece of paper./ There is an interesting article in the newspaper./ He dug a hole in the wall.

6、表示“穿过……”的through和across:through表示从内部通过,与in 有关;across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与on有关。如: Water flows through the pipe./ The old man walked across the street.

7、in the corner, on the corner, at the corner:in the corner 表示在角落里,in指角的内面;on the corner表示“在角上”,on指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;at the corner指“在拐角处”,at指的是拐角外附近的外面。如:The lamp stands in the corner of the room./ I met with him at the street corner./ He sat on the corner of the table.

8、in the end, at the end of, by the end of:in the end作“最后”、“终于”解,可单独使用,后不接介词of;at the end of 表示“在……末梢”,“到……尽头”,既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体。不可单独使用;by the end of 作“在……结束时”,“到……末为止”解,只能指时间。不可单独使用。如:In the end they reached a place of safety./ At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden./ They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week./ by the end of last month he had finished the novel.

9、表示“关于”的about 和on:两者都有“关于”的意思,不过前者为一般用词,而后者为较正式的“论述”。如:He came to tell me about something important./ He wrote a book on science.

10、between, among:一般说来,between表示两者之间,among用于三者或三者以上的中间。如:You are to sit between your father and me./ He is always happy among his classmates.

注意:但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,如果强调的是两两相互间接关系,适用于between。如:Agreements were made between the different countries. 在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为分居两边时用between。如:The little valley lies between high mountains.。在谈事物间的差别时,总是用between。如:They don’t know the difference between wheat, oats and barley.

11、besides, except, but, except for:besides指“除了……还有,再加上”。如:All went out besides me.;except指“除了,减去什么”,不能放在句首。如:All went out except me.;but 与except意思近似,表示“除了……外”经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。如:I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.;except for表示“如无……就,只是”表明理由细节。如:His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.。

12、表示“用”的in和with:表示工具的“用”,用with,而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等的“用”,用in。如:He is writing a letter with a pen./ He wrote the letter in pencil./ We measured it in pounds./ Read the text in a loud voice./ Tell me the story in English.

13、in charge of和in the charge of:两者都表示“由谁负责、照顾、管理”。区别在于:in charge of后接被照管的人或物,而in the charge of后面则跟照管的人。如:Who is in charge of the project?/ The project is in the charge of an engineer.。

14、as, like:as作“作为”、“以……地位或身份”解。如:Let me speak to you as a father.(事实是父亲);like作“象……一样”解。如:Let me speak to you like a father.(事实上不是父亲)。

15、in front of 和in the front of:in front of = before,是“在……前面”的意思(不在某物内); in the front of则是“在……前部”的意思(在某物内)。如:There is a desk in front of the blackboard./ The boy sat in the front of the car.。

16、in, into:into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。如:We walked into the park.;in通常表示位置。如:We walked in the park;in和drop, fall, put, throw, break等终止性动词连用时,也可以表示动向。如:I have put the coin in (into) my pocket.我把硬币放进衣袋。

复习时需注意的要点

1、介词一般放在名词之前,但它后面的介词宾语是疑问代词、疑问副词或者关系代词时,这些词提到了前面而只剩下介词在后了。

2、 介词和动词、形容词、名词等常常构成固定搭配,也就是说,在这些词的后面常常要求用一定的介词。这一点在学习时要特别注意。如:

a.动词+介词:laugh at, wait for

b.形容词、过去分词+介词:be good at, be proud of

c名词+介词:pay a visit to , the key to

3、 表示选择关系的连词,连接的双方只取其一。常用连词有or, either...or, otherwise

例如:

a) You can go to Beijing either today or tomorrow.

b) You must get up early or you won’t catch the early bus.

4、 表示转折关系,连接的双方构成对比,意义上有转折。常用连词有but, however, while, only

例如:

a) His brother is fond of football while he likes basketball.

b) You can watch TV, but you must finish your homework first.

5、 表示联合关系,联合的双方是对等的,意义上趋向一致。常用连词有:and, both...and, neither...nor, not only...but also, as well as

To study English well, we need both diligence and careful.

That horse is not only the youngest among the five, but also runs the fastest.

6、 表示因果关系,连接的双方,互为因果,或者前因后果,或者前果后因。常用的连词有:for, so

例如:

It must have rained, for the ground is wet.

【考点诠释】

考点1 常见介词的活用

by,with,against,over,on,in,at,besides,for等是常考的介词。掌握这些介词的用法和意义、准确把握句子语境是解题的关键。下面是近年高考考查最多的几个介词,应重点掌握:

1.over可表位置,意为“在……上方,越过;遮住,盖住”,也可表时间,意为“在……期间,(多年)以来”等,它还有“在……(问题)上,对(某事)”等引申意义。如:

①Y0u can’t wear a blue jacket over that shirt—it’II look terrible.你不能在那件衬衣外面再穿上蓝色的夹克——太难看了。

②We had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.我们一边喝茶一边愉快地交谈。

③We heard it over the radio.我们从广播中听到了它。

2.by的主要意思有“在……旁,靠近;乘(车、船等);不迟于;到……为止;被,由;根据,按照(关系);通过……方式”等,还可以用来表示增加或减少的程度。by构成的常见短语有:

by and by不久,迟早 by and large大体上

by oneself单独 by the way顺便说说

by far……得多,最…… by chance碰巧

by accident偶然地 by means of借助

by no means绝不,一点也不 by mistake错误地

①The water in the river rose by two meters.河水上涨了两米。

②He is an Englishman by birth.他在血统上是英国人。

3.with可以用来表示“带有,拥有;随着;就……来说;用,以;和,与;对于,关于”等意思。with还可用来表示原因。如:

①He turned red with anger.他气得脸变红了。

②The problem with looking into space from the earth is that there is a lot of dust in the earth’s air.从地球上观察太空存在一个问题,就是地球的大气中有大量的尘埃。

4.beyond这个词同学们平时接触的机会不是太多,但它却是一个考查热点。beyond表示“(时间)过了,比……晚,迟于;(位置)在……那边,超出……之外;(范围)超过,为……所

不及,超出……的范围”等意思。如:

①They arrived beyond nine o’clock.他们过了9:00才到。

②The book is beyond me.这本书我看不懂。

③Tom is far beyond his elder brother in maths.汤姆的数学比他哥哥的好多了。

考点2 介词的固定搭配-

高考主要考查学生对固定短语的掌握程度、对短语意义的了解以及介词在这些固定搭配中的应用。

1.名词词组:on the contrary相反;in turn依次;in one’s opinion根据某人的看法;off time准时;out of reach够不着

2.动词词组:remind sb of sth提醒某人某事;rob sb of sth抢劫某人的……;restdt from由……引起;call at访问(某地)

3.形容词词组:be curious about对……好奇;be proud of因……而自豪;be popular with受到……的欢迎

4.介词短语:apart from除……Pb;in addition to除……之外(还);because of因为;instead of代替;in fear of为……提心吊胆;for fear of以免;in case of防备;thanks to由于;in the middle of在……中间;according to根据;in front of在……前面;in return for作为对……的回报;in charge of负责;as a result of作为……的结果;in exchange for与……交换等

典例: Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients ______ name, not case number.

A of B as C by D with

【答案】C

【解析】考查介词辨析。句意:如今有些医院是以姓名来查阅患者的,而不是凭病例编号(去查询的)。by name按姓名.

考点3核心介词用法归纳与辨析

1.表示时间的介词in的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内,如世纪、年、月、季、周等一般用介词in,如:in the 1990s,in January,in(the)winter

in和during表一段时间内两词可互用。如:in the night,during the night,in the war,during the war。但略有区别:当接表示“活动”的抽象名词时多用during,接“活动”的动名词及短语时用in。如:during the discussion/in discussing the problem during her stay in Hubei/in playing basketball/during the course of/in digging the tunnel

2.在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用on。

3.表示某一时刻或某一点时间用at,如小时、分钟等。

有些时间名词前有one,each,any,every,some,all,next,last,that修饰时,不接介词。如:

that day,next Sunday some day,one day

4.till、until、to的用法。

(1)till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中,与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。如:

He waited for me till twelve o’clock.

He didn’t get up till (until) 10 a.m.(不可用to)

但注意:在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用?until?。如:

Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school.

(2)to表“终结”时常和from连用,但要注意不与from连用时的意义。如:

from July to September,from six to (till) eight(从……到……为止),但from morning till night(从早到晚),不能用to。

5.表示方式、手段、工具的介词

(1)by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天,但to the pound按磅算,to the ton按吨计。

(2)表泛指的方式、手段:by post,by telephone(radio),但on the phone/on the radio/on TV(电讯器材),by electricity,by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,through experience,through the telescope

(3)交通工具类。另外:by means of 用……方法,by way of 经由,取道于,用……方法;with the help(permission)of sb./with sb.’s help(permission)“在……帮助下”。

(4)表方式、手段的其他用法。

He beat the dog with a whip.(with+工具、机器)

One smells with his nose.(with+人体器官,但by hand“手工,用手”)

He stood up with pride.(with+情绪、情感、态度的名词)

注意:使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如in English(ink,pencil)。另外如:

in high(good,low)spirits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise, in good(poor)health,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(with)satisfaction,in a hurry,in(with)words,live/feed on food,kneel on one’s knee,take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意)

6.表示“除……之外”的几组常用介词比较。

(1)besides “除……以外,(还有)”。作副词时意思是“而且,更何况”。如:

It was too late to see a film,and besides,I was tired.

(2)except“除去,除……之外(不再有)”。如:

We all went except John.

在否定句中,两词可以换用,如:

He has no other hats except/besides this one.

(3)except for“除了……(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)”后接名词、代词或what从句,此时与except that+句子意思相同。如:

He was very clever except for carelessness.

(4)except that...“除了……一点以外”。如:

He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.

(5)but和except在表示“除了……以外”时可以通用,但应注意以下三点:前面有不定人词、疑问代词在意义上对称时,多用but。All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.后接不定式短语为排除对象时,多用but。He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do,后省to);but与一些固定结构连用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事,can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不……,but for...如不是……

7.介词的省略:

介词for表示时间的省略要求。

(1)以all开头的名词短语,for要省略。如:

I stayed with her all the morning.

(2)否定句中,表示时间的短语前的for不能省略。如:

I haven’t seen you for thirty years.

(3)时间状语在主句之前,for不能省略。如:

For the whole morning,the old man kept reading.

8.某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。

(1)要求接to的名词有:key,answer,visit,entrance,apology,introduction,road等。

(2)要求接in 的名词有:interest,satisfaction,expert等。

He is expert in teaching small children.

介词的用法很繁杂,要在平时注意积累。

【试题放送】

【2012湖北卷】25. The furniture, with its modern style and bright colors, suits modern houses and their gardens, but looks _______ in the garden of a traditional home

A. out of question B. out of order C. out of sight D. out of place

【答案】D

【考点】考查介词短语辨析。难度中等。

【解析】句意为:这套家具款式新潮,色泽明丽,与新式房屋和花园配套,但看起来与传统的房子和花园不相称。D项意为“与……不相称”,符合句意。A项意为“毫无疑问”,B项意为“次序颠倒”,C项意为“看不见”,都与句意不符。

【2012江苏卷】29. — Thank God you're safe!

—I stepped back, just to avoid the racing car.

A. in time B. in case C. in need D. in vain

【考点】介词短语

【答案】A

【解析】in time意为“及时”,in case意为“万一,假使”;in need意为“需要”;in vain意为“徒劳,无济于事”。句意为:——谢天谢地,你是安全的!——我走回去,正好避免赛车。符合题意。

【2012安徽卷】25. You can chang your job, you can move house,but friendship is meant to be life.

A. of B. on C. to D. For

【答案】D

【解析】选择D是正确的,mean在此表示“预定,指定”。The gift is meant for you. 这份礼物是给你的。 He was meant for [to be ]an electrician. 本来是准备把他培养成电工的。

【2012辽宁卷】27. The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place the main road at the far end of the lake.

A. to B. for C. off D. out

【考点】介词辨析

【答案】C

【解析】off 意思是“离开...,隔着...”,表示与……隔着一定的距离。

【2012四川卷】14. This training program can give you a lift at work, ____ increase your income by 40%.

A. as well as B. so long as C. so much as D. as soon as

14.【答案与解析】 A 本题考查介词as构成的短语用法区别。A意为“除…之外(还有);和”;B意为“只要”;C意为“与…一样多”(不用于肯定句);D意为“一…就”。此题句意为:这个培训计划除了可以提高你的收入40%之外,还能够让你在工作方面得到提升。根据句意选A。

【2012陕西卷】11.An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are ______________ it.

A . against B. for C .to D. with

【答案】A

【考点】考查介词。

【解析】所填介词与系动词be构成固定句型,意思是:反对,选A。be for支持,赞成;be to到达;be with和……在一起,都与句意不符。

【2012届江苏省苏、锡、常、镇四市高三调研测试(一)】25. _____________ our foreign policy, we now have multiple threats, very few of which involve the traditional battles of the past.

A. In honour of B. In terms of C. In the form of D. In defence of

【答案】B

【解析】考查介词短语的用法。此处In honour of用来纪念。。。; In terms of就。。。而言;谈到。。。;In the form of以。。。的形式;In defence of以保护。。。;此处为“就我们的外交政策而言。”

【2012届吉林省吉林市高三第二次模拟】28. We must read not only between the lines, but sometimes ________ the lines so that we can fully understand the writer.

A. within B. among C. besides D. beyond

【答案】D

【解析】查介词。此处beyond the lines意为“言外之意”。

【2012届山东省菏泽重点高中高三下学期4月模拟】27. Some students often listen to music ___ ___ classes to refresh themselves.

A. between B. among C. over D. during

【答案】A

【解析】考查介词的用法。此处between意为“位于/处在/介于……之间”,表示两者或每两者之间的关系。between classes表示“课间”。among意为“在(多数)之中,在……中间”,表示三者或三者以上的人或物之间的关系,指“混合或掺杂在多数可分离的人或物之间”。over 意为“越过……”。during 意为“在……的期间,在……的时候”。

【2012届广西桂林市、崇左市、百色市、防城港市高考联合调研】33.—You are so excellent.

—I don’t understand what you mean saying that.

A.by B.for C.of D.in

【答案】A

【解析】考查介词的用法。解题关键:句型what do you mean by 。。。句意:我不明白你那么说的意思。

【2012届浙江杭州重点高中原创模拟】13. ___________ the consequences of the chemical leaks, the specialists haven’t given final conclusion before they obtain accurate statistics.

A. With regard to B. As a result of C. In spite of D. In addition to

【答案】A

【解析】考查介词短语辨析。with regard to 意为“关于”;as a result of 意为“由于…的结果”;in spite of 意为“尽管”; in addition to 意为“除…之外”。 句意为:关于化学泄露所产生的后果,专家在拿到准确的数据之前,还没有给出最后结论。故选A。

【2012届北京海淀区高三一模】29. --- I’m going to have lunch. Do you mind talking about your plan ____ lunch?

---All right. I’ll wait here in the office.

A. after B. before C. over D. until

【答案】A

【解析】考查介词题。在看到第一句话的时候本以为考查的是over在……同时的知识点,难度较高。例如:Could you please have a talk with me over a cup of coffee?你能和我喝杯咖啡说说话吗?表示在喝咖啡的同时说话。但是看到第二句话立刻晕倒,另一个人说在这里等,那明显是午饭后再谈,所以答案为A选项after。只要不胡乱添加中文意思,就不会误选B选项和D选项。

【2012届江西省上饶市第一次高考模拟】26.The director will by no means turn the actress away all she is considered the most qualified for the role.

A.because of B.regardless of C.in spite of D.despite of

【答案】A

【解析】考查介词短语的含义。句意:导演绝不会拒绝那个演员,因为她被认为是这个角色最合格的演员。

高一英语语法教案


高一英语语法教案
高一英语必修一语法
分词作状语的区别
(1)现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。
Hewentout,shuttingthedoorbehindhim.
他出去后将门随手关上。
Notknowingwhattodo,hewenttohisparentsforhelp.
由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。
2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.
如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。
Facedwithdifficulties,wemusttrytoovercomethem.
在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。
Caughtinaheavyrain,hewasallwet.
Givenmoreencouragement,theboycouldhavebehavedbetter
2)分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因。
Readingattentively,heforgotthetimeforlunch.由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)
Readingcarefully,hefoundsomethinghehadnotknownbefore.他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)
Readingcarefully,youlllearnsomethingnew.只要你仔细阅读,你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)

作宾补时,如果动词和宾语之间是主动关系,用现在分词;如果是被动关系或者表示状态,用过去分词
welefthimcryingoutsidethegate.
wefoundhishandstiedbehindhisback.
wefoundtheworldoutsidechanged.状态
用过去分词还是现在分词做定语的判断关键:名词与该动作的关系
分词作定语的区别
1.现在分词做定语:
从功能上看,现在分词做定语表示1)主动(及物);2)进行(不及物)。
做定语:相当于一个定语从句(主动)
Doyouknowtheboystandingatthedoor?
àDoyouknowtheboywhoisstandingatthedoor?
Adevelopingcountryneedsaids.àAcountrythat/whichisdevelopingneedsaids.
Theylivedinahousefacingthesouth
àTheylivedinahousethatfacedthesouth.
Themanwearingaredtieisourhead.
àThemanwhowearsaredtie(戴红领带)isourhead.
Theworkersworkinginthefactoryarewell-paid.
àTheworkerswhoareworkinginthefactoryarewell-paid.
在这家工厂工作的工人报酬很好
2.过去分词做定语
从功能上看,过去分词做定语表示1)被动(及物);2)完成(不及物)。
做定语:相当于一个定语从句(被动),有时侯也表示完成的
Thebrokenwindowwasrepairedthismorning.
Thewindowbrokenyesterdaywas….
àThewindowthat/whichwasbrokenyesterdaywas…..昨天被打破的玻璃今早被修好了
Thesoldhamburgersarenottomytaste.
Thehamburgerssoldinthischainarenotto…..这家连锁店卖的汉堡不适合我的口味
Thehamburgersthat/whicharesoldinthischainarenotto….
Thearrivedguestswillbeledin.(此过去分词表示完成)
Theguestsarrivedjustnowwill….刚到的客人将会被带进来
Theguestswhoarrivedjustnowwillbe….

ThebookthatwaswrittenbyWangsellswell.
àThebookwrittenbyWangsellswell.
ThetiethatiswornbyourheadismadeinShanghai.
àThetiewornbyourheadismadeinSH
Theshoes(thatwere)madeinasmallfactoryareofbadquality.小厂产的鞋子质量差
反之,一个定语从句可以转化为分词做定语的结构
ThemanIintroducedtoyouyesterdayhadjustreturnedfromJapan.
Themanintroducedtoyoubymeyesterdayhadjust…昨天我给你介绍的那人刚从日本回来
Heisamanwhoislovedbyall.àHeisamanlovedbyall.他是个大家所热爱的人
Theleavesthathavefallenarecollectedbythecleaners.àThefallenleavesarecollected…
ThatletterIreceivedlastweekwasfromLi.àTheletterreceivedlastweekwasfromLi.
状语从句的省略
??一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中:由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句;由whether,if,unless等引导的条件状语从句;由though,although,evenif,whatever等引导的让步状语从句;由as,than等引导的比较状语从句;由as,asif,asthough等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时,并非任何成分都可以省略而是遵循下面原则:
??(1)当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时且从句中含有BE动词的某种形式时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构:
??①连词(as,asif,once)+名词
??如:Once(hewas)aworker,PangLongnowbecomesafamoussinger.庞龙曾经是个工人,现在变成一位著名的歌手。
??②连词(though,whether,when)+形容词
??如:Workhardwhen(youare)young,oryoullregret.趁年轻要努力学习,要不然你会后悔的。
??③连词(whether,asif,while)+介词短语
??如:Helookedeverywhereasif(hewas)insearchofsomething.他到处看似乎在找什么东西。
??④连词(when,while,though)+现在分词
??如:While(hewas)holdingtalkswithPresidentHuJintao,USPresidentGeorgeW.BushthankedChinaforitsimportantroleintheSix-PartyTalks.美国总统布什在与胡锦涛主席会谈时,感谢中国在六方会谈中起的重要作用。
??⑤连词(when,if,evenif,unless,once,until,than,as)+过去分词
??如:Theexhibitionismoreinterestingthan(itwas)expected.这次展览比被预料的有趣的多
??⑥连词(asif,asthough)+不定式
??如:OlympicgoldmedallisthurdlerLiuXiangopenedhislipsasif(hewere)tospeak.奥林匹克金牌获得者跨栏运动员刘翔张开嘴好象要说什么。
??(2)当从句的主语与主句的主语不一致,但从句主语是it,从句中又含有系动词be的某种形式时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。。如:Unless(itis)necessary,youdbetternotrefertothedictionary.如果没有必要,你最好不要查字典。
??各种状语从句的省略现象列举如下:
??一、时间状语从句中的省略
??When(shewas)veryyoung,shebegantolearntoplaythepiano.她很小时,就开始学习弹钢琴。
??While(Iwas)atcollege,Ibegantoknowhim,astrangebutablestudent.我在上大学时就开始认识他,一个奇怪但有能力的学生。
??Whenarriving,sendmeatelegram.(Whenyouarrive,sendmeatelegram.)到达之后,来个电报。
??Beforeleaving,turnoffallthelights.(Beforeyouleave,turnoffallthelights.)走之前,请关闭所有的灯。
??Don’tcomeinuntil(youare)askedto.不叫你请你不要进来。
??Whenever(itis)possible,youshouldcomeandhelp.不管什么时候只要有可能就来帮忙。
??Youshouldletusknowtheresultassoonas(itis)possible.你应尽快让我们知道结果。
??注:as在引导时间状语从句时,没有这种省略现象。我们不可说Aswalking,shefoundaniceshiningthingontheground.
??二、地点状语从句中的省略
??地点状语从句的省略常用下列结构:where(ver)possible,where(ver)necessary,
??Laythesebookswherepossibleyoucanfindthemeasily.把这些书放在你可能容易找到的地方。
??Putinarticleswherevernecessaryinthefollowingpassages.在下列文章中需要的地方填入冠词。
??三、条件状语从句中的省略
??常用的句型是:ifnecessary,ifpossible,iftrue,ifanyone等。如:
??Sendthegoodsnowif(theyare)ready.货物如果准备好了,请送过来。
??Hewillcomeif(heis)asked.如果叫他来,他就来。
??If(itis)necessary,ringmeathome.如果有可能,朝我家里打电话。
??Comealongwithmeif(itis)possible.如果有可能和我一起去吧.。
??If(itis)true,thiswillcasueusalotoftrouble.如果是真的,这会给我们带来很多麻烦。
??Therearefewpeoplenowadays,if(thereare)any,whorememberhim.很少有人能记起他。
??Youshouldstaywhereyouare,unless(youare)askedtoleave.你应呆在你现在的地方不动,除非叫你动。
??四、让步状语从句中的省略
??Heisagoodman,thoughsometimes(heis)ratherdull.他真是个好人,尽管有时有点无聊。
??Evenif(Iam)invitedto,Iwon’tgotosuchabadlecture.即使邀我去,我都不想听如此坏的报告。
??五、比较状语从句中的省略
??Shecanplaythepianojustaswonderfullyasyou(do).她钢琴弹的我你弹的一样好。
??Shehasfinishedtheworkearlierthan(ithasbeen)expected.
??with复合结构
with结构是许多英语复合结构中最常用的一种。学好它对学好复合宾语结构、不定式复合结构、动名词复合结构和独立主格结构均能起很重
要的作用。本文就此的构成、特点及用法等作一较全面阐述,以帮助同学们掌握这一重要的语法知识。
一、with结构的构成
它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成,复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语,复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当,第二
部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当,分词可以是现在分词,也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如下:
1.with或without-名词/代词+形容词;
2.with或without-名词/代词+副词;
3.with或without-名词/代词+介词短语;
4.with或without-名词/代词+动词不定式;
5.with或without-名词/代词+分词。
下面分别举例:
1、Shecameintotheroom,withhernoseredbecauseofcold.(with+名词+形容词,作伴随状语)
2、Withthemealover,weallwenthome.(with+名词+副词,作时间状语)
3、Themasterwaswalkingupanddownwiththerulerunderhisarm。(with+名词+介词短语,作伴随状语。)Theteacherenteredtheclassroomwithabookinhishand.
4、Helayinthedarkemptyhouse,withnotaman,womanorchildtosayhewaskindtome.(with+名词+不定式,作伴随状语)Hecouldnotfinishitwithoutmetohelphim.(without+代词+不定式,作条件状语)
5、Shefellasleepwiththelightburning.(with+名词+现在分词,作伴随状语)Withoutanythingleftinthecupboard,shewentouttogetsomethingtoeat.(without+代词+过去分词,作为原因状语)
二、with结构的用法
在句子中with结构多数充当状语,表示行为方式,伴随情况、时间、原因或条件(详见上述例句)。
With结构在句中也可以作定语。例如:
1.Ilikeeatingthemooncakeswitheggs.
2.Fromspacetheearthlookslikeahugewater-coveredglobewithafewpatchesoflandstickingoutabovethewater.
3.Alittleboywithtwoofhisfrontteethmissingranintothehouse.
三、with结构的特点
1.with结构由介词with或without+复合结构构成。复合结构中第一部分与第二部分语法上是宾语和宾语补足语关系,而在逻辑上,却具有主谓关系,也就是说,可以用第一部分作主语,第二部分作谓语,构成一个句子。例如:Withhimtakencareof,wefeltquiterelieved.(欣慰)→(Hewastakengoodcareof.)Shefellasleepwiththelightburning.→(Thelightwasburning.)Withherhairgone,therecouldbenouseforthem.→(Herhairwasgone.)
2.在with结构中,第一部分为人称代词时,则该用宾格代词。例如:Hecouldnotfinishitwithoutmetohelphim.
四、几点说明:
1.with结构在句子中的位置:with结构在句中作状语,表示时间、条件、原因时一般放在句子前面,并用逗号与句子分开;表示方式和伴随状况时一般放在句子后面,不用逗号分开。若with结构作定语,则放在所修饰的名词之后,一般不用逗号隔开。
2.with结构作状语时,不定式、现在分词、和过去分词的区别:在with结构中,不定式、现在分词作宾补,表示主动,但是不定式表示将要发生的动作,而现在分词表示正在发生或发生了的动作;过去分词表示被动或完成。
例如:Withtheboyleadingtheway,wefoundhehouseeasily.(小男孩已领过路)
Withtheboytoleadtheway,wewillfindthehouseeasilytomorrow.(小男孩明天将领路)
Helayonthebedwiththebedroomdoorshut.(寝室被关着)
3.with结构与一般的with短语的区别:with结构具有上述功能和特点,而"介词with+名词或代词(组)"组成的一般的with短语在句子中可以作定语和状语。作状语时,它能表示动作的方式、原因,但不能表示时间、伴随和条件。在一般的with短语中,with后面所跟的不是复合结构,也根本没有逻辑上的主谓关系。
4.with结构与独立主格结构的关系:with结构属于独立主格结构,但在结构上,with结构由介词with或without引导,名词前有冠词、形容词、所有格代词或其它词类所修饰,结构较松散;而独立主格结构没有with或without引导,结构严密,名词前可用可不用修饰语。在句法功能上,with结构可以作定语,独立主格结构则不能;独立主格结构通常在句中作状语,但也可以作主语,而with结构则不能。
独立主格在口语中不常用,往往由一个从句代替,而with结构较口语化,较常用。例如:
Therewererowsofwhitehouseswithtreesinfrontofthem.("with+复合宾语"结构,在句中作定语)
Astrongmanworkingawholedaycouldnotjumpthishigh.(名词+现在分词构成的独立主格结构,作主语)
Theboysaid,turningtotheman,hiseyesopenedwideandhishandraised.(独立主格结构,表示伴随状况或行为方式,作状语)
Thenlastnight,Ifollowedhimhere,andclimbedin,swordinhand.(名词+介词短语构成的独立主格结构,作状语,表示伴随情况)board,shewentouttogetsomethingtoeat.(without+代词+过去分词,作为原因状语)
1.Johnreceivedaninvitationtodinner,andwithhiswork_______,hegladlyacceptedit.(2007安徽)
A.finishedB.finishing
C.havingfinishedD.wasfinished
2.----Comeon,pleasegivemesomeideasabouttheproject.
----Sorry.Withsomuchwork_______mymind,Ialmostbreakdown.(2007福建)
A.filledB.filling
C.tofillD.beingfilled
3.Icouldn’tdomyhomeworkwithallthatnoise_______.(2005北京)
A.goingonB.goeson
C.wentonD.togoon
4.________twoexamstoworryabout,Ihavetoworkreallyhardthisweekend.(2004北京)
A.WithB.Besides
C.AsforD/Becauseof
5.Itwasapitythatthegreatwriterdied_______hisworksunfinished.(2004福建)
A.forB.with
C.fromD.of
6.Theyoungwoman_______ababysleepinginherarmswaswanderinginthestreet.
A.withB.becauseC.onD.like
7.Everyoneshouldgotosleepwiththelightturnedoff.
A.asB.withC.forD.on
8._______somanyhomeworktodo,Marywon’thavetimetoplaywithherfriendsthismorning.
A.WithoutB.WithC.ByD.Because
9._______thedooropen,thenoiseofthemachinesisalmostdeafening.
A.BecauseB.AsC.WithD.Becauseof
10._______hismotherout,hehadtostayathomealone.
A.AsB.ForC.BecauseD.With
11._______allthingsconsidered,herproposalisofgreaterthanhis
A.LikeB.WithC.OnD.Without
12._______timepermitting,wewillvisittheSummerPalace.
A.ByB.OnC.WithD.As
参考答案:1-5ABAAB
6-12ABBCDBC

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