一位优秀的教师不打无准备之仗,会提前做好准备,作为教师就需要提前准备好适合自己的教案。教案可以让讲的知识能够轻松被学生吸收,帮助教师更好的完成实现教学目标。怎么才能让教案写的更加全面呢?为了让您在使用时更加简单方便,下面是小编整理的“高考英语备考单元知识搜索与探究归纳Unit9Savingtheearth”,相信能对大家有所帮助。
2011高考英语备考单元知识搜索与探究归纳Unit9SavingtheearthRSEFC2AUnit9Savingtheearth
教材分析
本单元的中心话题为“拯救地球”,通过课堂导入引出水污染、空气污染、环境破坏,乱砍乱伐树木等环境问题,围绕这一主题,结合听、说、读、写的训练达到熟悉话题表述,语言熟练应用,能运用所学知识就环境问题展开讨论,在口头上和笔头上阐述自己的观点,达到语言输出的目的。
“热身”(Warmingup)部分,运用图片导入法,通过对所展示图片的讨论,引出环境保护、拯救地球的主题,初步了解学生对现状、原因、解决办法的掌握程度,并通过提问了解学生对本单元学习内容、学习策略、学习途径的愿望,以便教师及时调整其后课堂教学的内容、难度、和深度的把握。
“听力”训练由两大部分组成,分别安排在“听力”(Listening)和“综合技能”(IntegratingSkills)两个部分。前者又由两部分组成,第一部分为纪念“世界地球日”活动上的讲话,阐述了保护水资源的必要性和紧迫性。第二部分围绕保护水资源的主题,介绍了如何保护水资源的具体措施;后者,作为综合语言运用部分,听力内容主要为其后的写作作为铺垫,除了敏锐捕捉语言信息以外,学生还需要了解发言稿的开篇、论证、以及结束。
“阅读”(Reading)着重介绍世界地球峰会的由来,详细描述了2002年南非约翰内斯堡地球峰会的召开情况,展示了“可持续发展”这一主题,会上大多数代表所涉及的“世界三大杀手(被污染了的饮用水、简陋的卫生设备和空气污染,以及贫困、战争、和暴乱,指出世界的顺利发展,取决于各国的和平相处、互相合作、互相促进、共同进步,最后文章还阐述了世界地球峰会的作用和意义。
“语言学习”(LanguageStudy)要求学生利用构词法的知识,灵活运用词形变化进行正确运用,在第二部分要求学生正确辨别-ly结尾词的词性。
“语法”(Grammar)通过对倒装形式的总结,全面了解倒装的具体结构和应用,结合句型转换和选词填空练习,帮助学生掌握这一语法现象。
“综合技能”(Integratingskills)采用高一课本中未曾出现过的展示方式,选用听力方式展示写作模式,通过口头讨论等方式,巩固学生对本单元知识的掌握,从而有效地指导学生进行写作练习,并通过Unit2中的checklist对所写的书面表达进行修改。
教案范例
Period1Warmingup,listeningandSpeaking
I.Goals:
1.TomakeSsknowpollutionandpresentsituationthroughoutthe
worldandencouragethemtofindsolutionstothisproblem.
2.ToencourageSstoactivatetherelevantvocabulary.
3.TodevelopSsspeakingbypracticingsupportinganopinion.
II.Teachingprocedures
Step1Warmingup
1.Greetings
2.Talkaboutthepictures
Presentthestudentsaseriesofpicturestoassurethemhowseriousthepollutionis
andaskthemsomequestionsaboutthesepictures.
⑴⑵⑶
⑷⑸⑹
Q1:Whatcanyouseeinthesepictures?Howdoesithappen?
Q2:Whatcausestheproblem?
Q3:Whatarethebiggestproblemsfacingtheearth?Whydoyouthinkso?
Q4:Haveyoueverdonesomethingbadtotheenvironment?
Q5:Canyougivememoreexamplesthathappenedinpeoplesdailylifeandisbad
fortheenvironment?
Step2Listening
1.Leadin
Moreandmorepeoplearerealizingthedamagethatisbeingdonetheenvironmentandlearningmoreandmoreharmthattheenvironmentisdoingtoourhumaninhabit.PeoplearecelebratingInternationalEarthDay,whenvarietiesofactivitiesareheldsothatmorepeoplewillbeinvolvedinenvironmentprotection.
2.While-listening
ListentoPart1andanswerthequestions.
1)Whyisshegivingthisspeech?
2)Whatdoesshethinkthemostseriousproblemis?
3)Whatdoesshesaythatweshoulddoaboutit?
4)Whatdoyouthinkshewillsaynext?
ListentoPart2andfillintheblankswithwhatSshear.
Argument1:Weshould_____________.
Wemust_________________________.
Weshould_______________________.
Ifwe_______,we________________.Argument2;_______________________
Problem:_______________________
Solutions:_______________________
3.Post-listening
Pairwork:Inferwhatthespeakerwillsaynext,listliketheaboveoneandsharethespeechwiththepartnerandtheclass.
Groupwork:Discusswithgroupmembersaboutthemeasuresthatwemaytaketoprotectair,forest;animals;grassland.
AskSstodelivertheirspeechonenvironmentprotection.
Step3Speaking
1.TalkingaboutwhatSscanseeinthepicture.
(1)(2)
Q1:Whatisbeingpiledinthepicture1?
Q2:Whatcancoalbeusedfor?
Q3:Whatisbeinggivingofffromtheworkshop?
Q4:Whatisbeingpolluted?
Everycoinhastwosides.Itistruewithcoal,whichisavaluableresourcethatcanbeusedtoproduceenergy,butitcanalsocauseseriouspollution.
2.Groupwork:AdebateCoalis/isn’tavaluableresource.
proscons
AbusinessmanAnenvironmentalist
AscientistAlocalcitizen
Alocalleader
……
Period2ReadingWelcometotheEarthSummit
I.Goals:
1.Topromotethestudentsunderstandingofthetext
2.Togetthestudentstograspthedetailedinformationofthetext
3.Toenablethestudentstomastersomewordsandexpressions
4.Toimprovethestudentsreadingability
II.Teachingprocedures
Step1Warmingup
Askthestudentssomequestionsconnectedwithpollution
Q1:Didyouusetogoswimminginariverwhenyouwereyoung?
Whataboutthechildrentoday?Whynot?
Q2:Doyouuseone-offchopstickswhilehavingfastfood?
Q3:Howdoyoudealwiththeplasticbags?
Q4:Whatdoyouthinkoftheairtoday?
Q5:Whatdoyouthinkoftherelationshipbetweeneconomydevelopmentand
pollution?
Step2Pre-reading
1.Discussion
Readthetitleanddiscussinpairswhatproblemswillbediscussedatthesummit.
(Asthetitlestates,problemsrelatedtotheearthwillbediscussedatthesummit,likeair,water,forest,desert,grassland,etc)
2.Prediction
Groupwork:FillinthechartwithwhatSspredictaboutwhateachpartofthetextwillbeabout.
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
3.Problem-solving
Gothroughthewholepassageandcomparewhoseguessistheclosesttothecontentofthepassage.
4.Findtheanswerstothesetwoquestions.
Q1:WhenandwherewastheEarthSummitheld?
(In2002inJohannesburginSouthAfrica.)
Q2:WhichChineseofficerattendedthemeeting?Whatdidhesay?
(PremierZhuRongji;Stressedtheneedforqualityandfairnessintheworld.)
Step3While-reading
1.Individualwork
Getthestudentstoreadthetextcarefullyandasksomestudentstoanswerthefollowingquestionsintheirownwords.
Q1:Whatwasthemeetingheldin1972about?
Q2:WhatsthemainthemeoftheEarthSummit?
Q3:Doyouknowthebigthree’?Whatarethey?
Q4:Wheredoyouthinkusuallyhasthebigthree?Why?
Q5:Whatdoesglobaldevelopmentmeannowadays?Whatshoulddeveloped
countriesactuallydo?
Q6:WhatstheuseofconferencesliketheEarthSummit?
Q7:Whatsthekeytothefuture?Asastudent,whatshouldyoudo?
2.Readingforinformation
IntroductionNameTheEarthSummit
WhenIn2002
WhereJohannesburg,southAfrica
ThemeSustainabledevelopment
Howtocontinuedevelopingtheworldwithoutdamagingtheenvironment
Body
The“bigthree”Contaminateddrinkingwater;20%
Poorsanitation:
Airpollution:threemilliondeaths;inruralareasindevelopingcountries
GlobaldevelopmentEqualityEachcountrytakespartin
Fairness
InternationalcooperationRichcountieshelppoorcountries;Prosperityofdevelopingcountries;Possiblesustainabledevelopment
Conclusion
Impact1.helptounderstandtheexistingseriousproblems
2.there’sstilltimetotakeaction
3.changethewaywelivetosavetheearth
4.Ssarelearning“earthissues”
5.aplacetofindsolutionsforthefuture
Step4Post-reading
1.Retelling
SupposeyouweretheChinesegirlwhoattendedtheEarthSummit,tellwhatsheheardandsawattheSummit.Beginwith“Hello,everyone.I’mtheluckiestgirltoattendthe2002EarthSummitinJohannesburg.Nowletmetellyouaboutthesummit.…”
2.Interview
Ssworkinpairs,playingtheroleofanewspaperreporter,attendantsfromdifferentcontinentsattendingtheEarthSummit.Finallytheteacherinvitessomepairstoactouttheirinterview
2.DesignthecomingEarthSummit
Groupwork:
Task:PreparethecomingEarthSummit
Arrangement:S1:organization
S2:PreparenecessitiesfortheSummit
S3:Messmedia
S4:Attendantsinvited
S5:budget
S6:Transportationaccommodation
HaveSspresentthepreparationsfortheSummitingroups.
Period3LanguageStudyGrammar
I.Goals:
1.TogetSstolearnandmastertheusagesofthenewwordsandtheusefulexpressionsinthisunit.
2.ToenableSstograspthegrammar:Inversion.
II.Teachingprocedures:
Step1Warmingup
1.Greetings
2.Playaguessinggame:firstsomeitemsareshownonthescreen,andeachitemistheparaphraseofonenewword.Dividetheclassintofourgroups.Ssareencouragedtoguessthewordasquicklyaspossible.ThisgameistoenlargeSs’vocabulary.
(1)Tomakeaplaceorsubstancedirtyanddangerousbyaddingsthtoit.
(2)Tomakeashortstatementgivingonlythemaininformationandnotthedetailsofaplan,reportetc.
(3)Thesituationorexperienceofbeingpoor.
(4)Apositionorsituationinwhichpeoplehavethesamerights,advantages.
(5)Todosthinordertoprotectsomeoneorsthfrombeingattacked
(6)Todosththatproducesaneffectorchangeinsomeoneorsth
(7).Behaviorthatisintendedtohurtotherpeoplephysically
(8).Notrightorfair
(9).Sththatyoucanchoosetodooruseinsteadofsthelse
contaminate,summarize,poverty,equality,defend,affect;
violence,unfair,alternative)
Completethefollowingsentenceswiththewordsfromthebracket,usingthecorrectform.
1.Accordingtothereport,theenvironmenthasbecomeamajor_______worldwide.
Oneinfivechildrenbeforeagefivediefromdiseasescausedbyenvironmental
problems.(kill)
2.Internetusehasbeenspreadingata(n)_________speedinChina.“Haveyousurfedthenet?’’hasbecomeamorecommongreetingthanthetraditional“Haveyoueaten?’’(alarm)
3.Theword“netizen”,whichmeansapersonwhousestheInternet,comesfrom“net”and“________”.(city)
4.Duringtheinterview,theyoungmanaskedaboutthejob____________asasalesmanager.(responsible)
5.HowmanyChinese______________willbesenttotheinternationalmeetinginStockholm,Sweden?(represent)
6.Thepeoplewholistenedtothereportwereshockedbythe________ofthevillagers.(suffer)
7.Itwastherepeople’s__________toworkhardandwellthatimpressedmemost.(willing)
(possibleanswers:killer,alarming,citizen,responsibility,representatives,suffering,willingness)
Step3languagepointsandusefulexpressions
1.Attend:出席,上(大学等),照料
Togotoaneventsuchasameeting
eg:Only7peopleattendedthemeeting.
Togoregularlytoaschool,churchetc
eg:Allchildrenbetweentheagesof5and16mustattendschool.
Tolookaftersomeone,especiallybecausetheyareill
eg:Thenurseattendedthepatientdaily.attendtosb/sth处理,照应
eg:Imaybelate–Ihavegotoneortwothingstoattendto.
Areyoubeingattendedtoinashop?
ThendosomeexercisestoenableSstodistinguishthefollowingwords:
attend/join/joinin/takepartin/joinsbinsthEx:Fillintheblankswiththeexpressionsgiven.
1.He’ll_________animportantmeetingtomorrow.
2.Almostalltheteamsinourschool__________thebasketballmatch.
3.Mywishisto________thearmyaftergraduation.
4.We’ll_______________socialactivitiesduringthesummervacation.
5.Theydidn’t___________thewedding.
6.I________thepartylastyear.
7.Ourheadmasterwill_______us____thediscussionthisafternoon.
(possibleanswers:attend,joinin,join,takepartin,attend,joined,joinin)
2.takenotes:作笔记,记录
takeaction:采取行动
Eg:Doyoutakesnotesofthelectures?
Hesatquietlyinthecornertakingnotescarefully.
Theytookactiontostophim.
Thepolicetookactiontodealwiththisthingimmediately.
Themedicinewillnottakeactionforseveralhours.
开始起作用,见效,生效
Thepilltakeseffectassoonasyouswallowit.
taketurns
takemeasures/steps
takeplace
takecare
takemedicine
taketime
takecold
takenotice
takesides
Eg:Youalwaystakessideswithhimwithoutevenlisteningtome.
3.content:
1).n.内容,目录(常作~s);容量,容积
Eg:thecontentsofabook
atableofcontents
Lookupthecontentsatthebeginningofthebook.
abucketofmorethanusualcontent
2).Adj.满足的,满意的
becontenttodosth
becontentwithsth
contentoneselfwithsth
HeisquitecontenttowatchTVforhours.
I’mverycontentwithmylifeatpresent.
Asthere’snobutterwemustcontentourselveswithdrybread.
access:进入,接近
Eg:Thedead-endstreetwastheonlyaccesstoherhome.
Accesstothemountain-townisoftendifficultbecauseofthebadroads.
haveaccessto:
Eg:Twentypercentofthepeopleonearthdonothaveaccesstocleandrinkingwater.
havesththatyoucanuse
Eg:Thepublicdon’thaveaccesstothesite.
therighttoenteraplace
Notuntilweknowmorewillwebeabletoimprovethesituation.
Until的三种句式
Ididn’tgotobeduntilmymothercameback.(陈述句)v
NotuntilmymothercamebackdidIgotobed.(倒装句)
ItwasnotuntilmymothercamebackthatIwenttobed.(强调句)直到她母亲把一切对杰克和盘托出,杰克才明白她为什么跟自己生气。
1).Jackdidn’tunderstandwhyshewasangrywithhimuntilhermothertoldhimeverything.
2).NotuntilhermothertoldhimeverythingdidJackunderstandwhyshewasangrywithhim.
3).ItwasnotuntilhermothertoldhimeverythingthatJackunderstoodwhyshewasangrywithhim.
Abetterunderstandingoftheenvironmentisnecessary,asisthewillingnesstoact.
As此处的用法与so相同。
Eg:Heisapatriot,asarehisbothers.
Davidworkshard,asdohisclassmates.
Harryisunusuallytall,asarehissisters.
Hebelieved,asdidhisfamily,thatyouweretellingthetruth.
Withbettereducation,peoplewillbeabletobuildabettersocietyinharmonywith
nature.
inharmonywith与----协调,和谐
Eg:Thecolorofthesofaisinharmonywiththesittingroom.
Hesoonfoundhimselfinharmonywithhisnewco-workers.
Yoursuggestionsarenotinharmonywiththeaimsofthisproject.
…perhapsputanendtothedeathandsufferingcausedbythebigthree.
putanendto结束,毁掉
Eg:Winningthecompetitionputanendtohisfinancialproblems.
Thediscussionwasputanendtobyhissuddenarrival.
Thewindputanendtothepier.
wipeout:擦洗----的内部,去除,消灭Tomakesthinsideclean
Eg:wipeoutthecoffeepot
Todestroy,remove,orgetridofsthcompletely
Eg:wipeouttheenemy’smajormilitarytargets
Halfthepopulationwaswipedoutbythisdisease.
informal)tomakeyoufeelextremelytired
Eg:Theheathadwipedusout.
Andifpovertyislessofaproblemandpeoplearebettereducated,thereisagoodchancethatwewillsee-------
thereisagoodchance(that)----
“有可能发生某事”Eg:ThereisagoodchancethatI’llfinishtheworktomorrow.
Thereisagoodchance(that)hewillbegonebythen.
affect:vt.影响,感动,(疾病)侵袭
effect:n.影响,效果,作用
Eg:Thiscountrywasaffectedbydraught.
Theamountofrainaffectsthegrowthofcrops.
Thesightaffectedhertotears.
Itmaybetheeffectoftheillness.
Thisaccidenthadaneffectonthefutureofbothmotherandson.
Step4Grammar(Inversion)
Notuntilweknowmorewillwebeabletoimprovethesituation.
Onlybychangingthewaywelivecanwesavetheearth.
HadIknownthatairconditionerscausesomuchpollution,Iwouldneverhaveboughtone.
Thereexistseriousproblemsandthereisstilltimetotakeaction.
AmongthespeakerswasChina’sthenPremierZhuRongji.
Abetterunderstandingoftheenvironmentisnecessary,asisthewillingnesstoact.
Withoutinternationalcooperation,developingcountriescannotprosper,norwillsustainabledevelopmentbepossible.
Studythestructuresofinvertedsentencesandg
A.Herecomesthebus.
Theregoesthebell.
Downhewent.
Onthewallhangsapicture.
B.HardlyhadIgothomewhenitbegantorain.
NeverhaveIseensuchawonderfulfilm.
Step6Practice
Soneithernoras
1.Richercountrieshavearesponsibilitytoprotecttheenvironment,___________the
poorcountries.
2.Weshouldn’twastesomuchwater,________weusethingsthatareharmfultotheenvironment.
3.Airconditionerscausemuchpollution,________cars.
4.Manypeoplearedeterminedtochangethewaytheylive.___________I.
5.Idon’tbuyproductsthatcausepollution,________mostpeopleIknow.
6.Sheisinterestedinenvironmentalprotection,________________hermother.
7.Ifyoudon’tstayattheparty,_____________willI.
8.Ican’tattendthemeetingand_______________you;wehavesomeotherworktodo.
9.A:Howoldareyou?
B:Canyoukeepasecret?
A:Sure.
B:______________I.
Possibleanswers:(so/asdo,neither/norshould,so/asdo,so/asam,neither/nordo,so/asis,neither/nor,neither/norcan,so/asam)
II.Rewritethefollowingsentences,beginningwiththeunderlinedpart.
1.Wewillnothaveenoughdrinkingwateruntilwestoppollutingourlakesandrivers.
Notuntil_______________________________________________
2.Wecansavetheearthonlybylearningtoliveinharmonywithnature.
Only__________________________________________________.
3.Iknewthatairpollutioncausesalmostthreemilliondeathseveryyearonlyafterthemeeting.
Only___________________________________________________
4.Sustainabledevelopmentcanonlybepossiblewithinternationalcooperation.
Only__________________________________________________.
5.TheEarthSummitisnotonlyaplacetotalkaboutproblems,butalsoaplaceto
findsolutionsforthefuture.
Notonly___________________________________________________.
6.Peoplewillbeabletobuildabettersocietyinharmonywithnatureonlywithbettereducation.
Only______________________________________________________.
7.Weseldomthinkofthesmallchangesthatwecandotomakeabigdifference.
Seldom___________________________________________________.
8.Ihaveneverrealizedthatwaterissoprecious.
Never____________________________________________________.Trytobecleaninourdailyactivities;
c.UseenvironmentallysafeproductsDisposeoftrashproperlyRecyclehouseholdwaste,yardwaste,andhazardouschemicalsDon’tpourwastewaterintoriversandlakeswithoutbeingcleaned.Recycletheusedbattery.Usepaperbagsinsteadofplasticbags.2.Reportthewaystostoppollutioninclass.
I.参考网址:
///speechcn.htm(howtoplanandprepareaspeech)
II.补充语法
倒装语序分为“全部倒装”和“部分倒装”。在全部倒装的句子中,整个谓语都放在主语的前面;在部分倒装的句子中,只是谓语中的一部分(如助动词、情态动词或系动词be等)放在主语前面,其余部分仍放在主语后面。一、由there,here或now等引起,谓语为come(或go)的句子,例如:
Therecomesthebus!Theregoesthebell!
HerecomesMary!Nowcomesyourturn.
注:如果主语为人称代词,仍用自然语序,例如:
Therehecomes!Hereshecomes!
二、由then引起,谓语为come(或follow)的句子,
Thencameanewdifficulty.
ThenfollowedeightyearsoftheAnti-JapaneseWar.
三、由here(或there)引导,谓语为be的句子
HereisChina’slargesttropicalforest.
Herearesomepicture-books.
注:如果主语为人称代词,仍用自然语序,
Hereyouare./Hereweare./Hereitis
四、由so引起的,表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人(或物)的句子,如:
Societyhaschangedandsohavethepeopleinit.
Heplaystheviolinquitewell.Sodoesmysister.
如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思,尽管so用开头,语序也不要倒装
--Itwascoldyesterday.–-Soitwas!
五、由neither或nor引起的,表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人(或物)的句子,
--Iwon’tdosuchathing.
–-Neither/NorwillI.
--Ihaven’tdonemyhomework.
–-Neither/NorhaveI.
Ifyoudon’tgo,neitherwillI.
Ididn’treadthenotice,nordidhe.
六、在if引导的非真实条件句中,如有助动词had,should或were时,可以省略if,进行倒装,
HadIcomefiveminutesearlier,Iwouldhavemetthefamousscientist.
(IfIhadcomefiveminutes…)
Shouldanyonecall,tellhimtowaitformehere.
WereItenyearsyounger,Iwouldwithyou.
Shouldyouchangeyourmind,letusknow.
七、out,in,up,down,away等副词放在主语前,主谓倒装
Upflewtheredballoon.
Outrushedapolicemanfromamongthecrowd.
注:如果主语是一个人称代词,谓语仍放在后面,如:
Awaytheywent./Downitflew./Upitwent.八、当as引导让步状语从句时,把表语提到前面来,用“形容词(或副词、名词+as+主语+谓语”这种形式
Childasheis,heknowsalot.
Tiredashewas,hecontinuedtowork.
HardasIwork,Ican’tcatchupwithyou.
Muchasweliketheplace,wecan’tstayhere.
九、当always,often,manyatime等词放在句首时,后面常用倒装语序,如:
Alwaysdidhecometohelpus.
Oftendidwewarnthemnottodoso.
Manyatimedidhegoswimmingintheriver.
注:上述所说的词不放在句首,不用倒装语序。
十、only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时,其后面的主语部分要进行倒装,如:
Onlyinthiswaycanyouhopetoimprovethesituationthere.
OnlythendidIrealizethatIwaswrong.
Onlyoncedidhisfatherdiscusshisfuturewithhim.
OnlyyesterdaydidIrealizewhatwasgoingon.
OnlyafterhecamebackwasIabletoseehim.
注:only修饰主语,仍用自然语序,如:
OnlysocialismcansaveChina.十一、含有否定意义的副词、连词或短语构成的状语放在句首时,常用倒装语序
not,never,hardly,seldom,little,rarely,
scarcely,notuntil,notonly…butalso…,
neither…nor…nosooner…than…,
hardly…when…,scarcely…when
NevershallIforgettheday.
NotuntilIbegantoworkdidIrealizeIhadwastedmuchtime.
Notonlydidhereadthebook,butalsoherememberedwhathehadread.
Nosoonerhadhearrivedthanhefellill.
Hardly/Scarcelyhadhearrivedwhenhefellill.
注:上面所说的词和词组如果不在句首,句子不必用倒装语序。
另外,notonly…butalso连接两个主语时,不用倒装,如:
Notonlythestudents,butalsotheteacherwishesforaholiday.
十二、当so(或such)…that…结构中的so或such用于句首时,要采取倒装语序,如:
Soloudlydidhespeakthathewasheardupstairs.
Soangrywashethathecouldn’tspeak.
Soharddoeshestudythatheisthebestintheclass.
Suchwastheforceoftheexplosionthatallthewindowswerebroken.
Suchwashisstrengththathecouldbendironbars.
注:such和be连用作表语时,也常用倒装语序,
Suchwastheresult.
Suchwereherwords.
Suchwasthestoryhetold.十三、在下列结构中也常用倒装语序:
Infrontofthemstoodagreatcastle.
Onthebedlayasickoldman.
Underthetreesatanoldman.
Seatedonthegroundaresomeyoungmen.
Lyingonthefloorwasaboy.
典型例题:
1.NotuntilIbegantowork______howmuchtimeIhadwasted.
A.didntIrealizeB.didIrealize
C.Ididntrealize D.Irealize
2.—DoyouknowTomboughtanewcar?
—Idontknow,_______.
A.nordontIcare B.nordoIcare
C.Idontcareneither D.Idontcarealso
答案为B。Notuntil引导从句位于句首,后面的主句要倒装。
答案为B。句中的nor引出部分倒装结构,表示"也不"。由so,neither,nor引导的倒装句,表示前一情况的重复出现。其中,so用于肯定句,而neither,nor用在否定句中。典型例题
—WhycantIsmokehere?
—Atnotime_______inthemeeting-room.
A.issmokingpermittedB.smokingispermitted
C.smokingisitpermitted D.doessmokingpermit
答案A.这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时,其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括no,little,hardly,seldom,never,notonly,notuntil等。本题的正常语序是Smokingispermittedinthemeeting-roomatnotime.
Notuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19thcentury_______whatheatis.
A.mandidknow B.manknow
C.didntmanknow D.didmanknow
答案D.看到Notuntil…的句型,我们知道为一倒装句,答案在C,D中选一个。改写为正常语序为,Mandidnotknowwhatheatisuntiltheearlyyearsofthe19th.现在将not提前,后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。典型例题
Nosooner_______thanitbegantorainheavily.
A.thegamebegan B.hasthegamebegun
C.didthegamebegin D.hadthegamebegun答案D.以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时,一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never,seldom,scarcely,little,few,not,hardly,以及notonly…but(also),nosooner…than,hardly…whenscarcely…when等等。
注意:只有当Notonly…butalso连接两个分句时,才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Notonly…butalso仅连接两个并列词语,不可用倒装结构。
NotonlyyoubutalsoIamfondofmusic.
AboutWorldDayforWater
TheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyadoptedresolutionA/RES/47/193of22December1992bywhich22MarchofeachyearwasdeclaredWorldDayforWater,tobeobservedstartingin1993,inconformitywiththerecommendationsoftheUnitedNationsConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment(UNCED)containedinChapter18(FreshWaterResources)ofAgenda21.StateswereinvitedtodevotetheDay,asappropriateinthenationalcontext,toconcreteactivitiessuchasthepromotionofpublicawarenessthroughthepublicationanddiffusionofdocumentariesandtheorganizationofconferences,roundtables,seminarsandexpositionsrelatedtotheconservationanddevelopmentofwaterresourcesandtheimplementationoftherecommendationsofAgenda21.
hatisWorldEnvironmentDay?
WorldEnvironmentDaywasestablishedbytheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyin1972toraiseenvironmentalawarenessandtoencourageactiontoprotecttheenvironment.
IV.EARTHSUMMIT
In1992,morethan100headsofstatemetinRiodeJaneiro,BrazilforthefirstinternationalEarthSummitconvenedtoaddressurgentproblemsofenvironmentalprotectionandsocio-economicdevelopment.TheassembledleaderssignedtheConventiononClimateChangeandtheConventiononBiologicalDiversity,endorsedtheRioDeclarationandtheForestPrinciples,andadoptedAgenda21,a300pageplanforachievingsustainabledevelopmentinthe21stcentury.
TheCommissiononSustainableDevelopment(CSD)wascreatedtomonitorandreportonimplementationoftheEarthSummitagreements.ItwasagreedthatafiveyearreviewofEarthSummitprogresswouldbemadein1997bytheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblymeetinginspecialsession.ThisspecialsessionoftheUNGeneralAssemblytookstockofhowwellcountries,internationalorganizationsandsectorsofcivilsocietyhaverespondedtothechallengeoftheEarthSummit.
作为优秀的教学工作者,在教学时能够胸有成竹,高中教师要准备好教案,这是老师职责的一部分。教案可以让学生更好的吸收课堂上所讲的知识点,帮助高中教师缓解教学的压力,提高教学质量。那么如何写好我们的高中教案呢?以下是小编为大家精心整理的“高二英语上册第9单元复习知识点:Savingtheearth”,仅供参考,欢迎大家阅读。
高二英语上册第9单元复习知识点:Savingtheearth
(一)单元内容介绍与分析:
学习材料:听力”(Listening)部分提供了一段演说词,谈到了地球所面临的问题。第一部分要求学生通过听弄清说话者的观点,并根据所听内容预测下文;第二部分要求学生列出说话人的观点等,然后预测下文。
“阅读”(Reading)部分是一篇关于“地球峰会”的介绍性文章。文章介绍了2002年在南非首都约翰内斯堡召开的“地球峰会(TheEarthSummit)”的基本情况,包括会议召开的背景、会议的主题以及与会者所讨论的主要问题和提出的解决办法等。通过对该文章的阅读,可以丰富学生有关本单元主题的语言和信息。
“综合技能”部分设计了听、说、写的活动,以写为主线。听的内容是“地球峰会”上的两篇发言。在听的基础上,要求学生陈述他们的观点。写的活动包括听中补充提纲,听后写要点、提纲以及说后写段落,环环相扣,层层深入。
“语言学习”:掌握有关倒装句的几个常用结构。
(二)词汇学习:
运用构词知识理解下列单词:
ecology;environmentalist;sustainable;killer;equality;fairness;responsibility;cooperation;willingness;incorrect
(三)重点词汇与短语的用法:
1.issue:问题;争议;发行;分配,期刊
Youwillattendthemeetinganddiscusstheissue.
Ijustgotarise,somoneyisnolongeranissue.
Unemploymentisnottheissue-therealproblemisthedeclineinpublicmorality.
Thearticlewillappearinthenextmonthsissue.
Thepostofficeissuedthestampslastweek.
2.content:内容;目录;容量;满足;满意
Withoutreadingthetext,trytopredictitscontent.
Thecontentofyouressayisexcellent,butit’snotverywellexpressed.
注意表达“满足,满意”的短语:
becontentwithsth.
becontenttodosth.
Heiscontentwithlife.
Johnseemscontenttositinfrontofthetelevisionallnight.
3.access:接近;进入;接近……的方法;到达……的权利
20%ofthepeopleonearthdonothaveaccesstocleandrinkingwater.
Thehouseisinthecenterpartofthetownwithgoodaccesstotheshops.
Hospitalsshouldgivepatientstherightofaccesstotheirmedicalrecords.
Allthebranchmanagerscanaccessthedatabankofthegeneraloffice.
4.responsibility:责任;责任心;职责
Richcountrieshavearesponsibilitytowardspoorcountriesandmustdowhatevertheycantohelpothers.
Takingcareoffamilyisabigresponsibility.
注意构词形式:responsibility的形容词形式为responsible;常见短语是:beresponsiblefor:替/对……负责。
Sheismystudent,andImustberesponsibleforher.
5.inharmonywith:与…协调/和谐;反义词outofharmonywith
Withbettereducation,peoplewillbeabletobuildabetterSocietyinharmonywithnatureandperhapsputanendtothedeathandsufferingscausedbythebigthree.
Histastesareinharmonywithmine.
BobandIworkedtogetherinharmonyforyears.
6.putanendto:结束
Wemustputanendtothisfoolishbehaviour.
Thechieftaskofthemomentistoputanendtotheterriblepollutionintherivers.
(四)辨析下列单词(近义词)
1.affect/effect
affect:动词:影响;感动;侵袭
effect:名词:影响,效果;常见短语:haveaneffectonsb./sth.
Whatwedoisimportantbecauseitaffectstheenvironment.
Allthepeopleintheroomwereaffectedtotears.
Themedicinehaslittleeffectontheoldman.
2.defend/protect/guard
defend:用武力或其他措施保护人们不受损害。辩护。
protect:用各种安全防御措施尽力照顾某人不受损害。
guard:留心守望,警戒
Makesurethatyouarereadytoanswerquestionsanddefendyourargument.
ItisthedutyofeveryChinesecitizentodefendmotherland.
Clothesprotectusfromcold.
Towbigdogsguardthefarm.
(五)重,难点句的解释与分析
1.OneofthemainthemesOfthesummitwas“sustainabledevelopment’,orthequestionofhowwecancontinuedevelopingtheworldwithoutdamagingtheenvironment.
其主题之一是“可持续发展”,也就是如何在不破坏环境的情况下使世界继续发展的问题。
(1)句中or意为“也就是:即”,用于补充说明上文的内容。例如:
ThecompanyispayingtherentoratleastContributingtoit
or的用法很多,除了上述的意思外,常见的还有:
Don’tputanythingplasticintheovenoritwillprobablystartmelting.
Areyougoingwithyourparentsorbyyourself?
(2)withoutdoing结构在句子中作状语,表示“在没发生……情况下”。
Theylefttheschoolinahurry,withoutsayinggoodbyetoanyone.
2.Airpollutionalonecausesalmostthreemilliondeaths.
仅空气污染就造成了近三百万人死亡。
(1)alone在此是副词,用在名词或代词后面,表示“只,只有;仅仅”。
Healoneisnotresponsibleforit.
Moneyalonecannotmakeyouhappy.
alone还可以解释“单独地;独自地”。
Helikestogoitaloneineverything.
alone作形容词时,解释“单独的;唯一的:独一无二的”,在句子作表语。
Iamnotaloneinthisopinion.
(2)deaths:可数名词:死亡的人数。不可数名词指:死亡。
3.Ifwearetodeveloptheworldsuccessfully,wemustmakesurethateveryoneisabletotakepartinthenewworldwecreate.
如果我们要成功地开发世界,就必须确保人人都能够参与我们创造的新世界。
be+todosth这个结构常常表示安排,命令、职责、义务、目的、用途,可能性、命中注定等含义。例如:
Wearetomeetattheschoolgate.
Youaretobebackby10oclock.
Theprizeistohonourhimforhisgreatdiscovery.
4.Richercountrieshavearesponsibilitytowardspoorercountriesandmustdowhatevertheycantohelpothers.
富国对于穷国负有责任,他们必须尽可能地帮助其他国家。
dowhateveronecan相当于dowhatonecan,只是前者的语气更强。
(六)阅读材料中的典型倒装句:
1.Withoutinternationalcooperation,developingcountriescannotprosper,norwillsustainabledevelopmentbepossible.
没有国际合作,发展中国家合作就不可能繁荣,可持续发展也就不可能实现。
由nor,neither,not,hardly,seldom,never等表示否定意思的词位于句首时,句子采用部分倒装结构。部分倒装类似一般疑问句结构。
NeverhaveImethim.
Seldomhaveweseensuchbigmelons.
Hardlyhadsheenteredthehousewhensheheardthedogbarking.
2.Onlybychangingthewaywelivecanwesavetheearth.
只有我们改变自己的生活方式,才能拯救地球。
由“only+状语”结构位于句首,句子也需采用部分倒装结构。
Onlyinthiswaycanyouworkoutthemathsproblem.
OnlywhenTomreturnsthisafternoonwillthemeetingbegan.
3.HadIknownthatairconditionerscausesomuchpollution,1wouldneverhaveboughtone.
要是我以前知道空调会造成大量的污染,我就不会买它了。
这是一个含有虚拟语气结构的句子,其中条件句的引导词if被省略,按照倒装句的规则,采用部分倒装句。原结构是
IfIhadknownthatairconditionerscausesomuchpollution,1wouldneverhaveboughtone.
4.Abetterunderstandingoftheenvironmentisnecessary,asisthewillingnesstoact.
更好地了解环保是必要的,行动的愿望也是必要的。
as相当于so:通常表达“……也是一样”可以说:as/sois(was;does;do;did….)+主语。
Hebelieved,asdidallhisfamily,thatGodwouldblessthem.
一般给学生们上课之前,老师就早早地准备好了教案课件,规划教案课件的时刻悄悄来临了。在写好了教案课件计划后,这样我们接下来的工作才会更加好!你们会写多少教案课件范文呢?小编特地为您收集整理“高二英语Unit10Frighteningnature复习教案汇总”,希望对您的工作和生活有所帮助。
高二英语Unit10Frighteningnature复习教案汇总
课时跟踪讲练
SectionI课前准备、听力、口语
1.Howdoesnatureformadangertopeopleintheworldandhowcansciencehelpreducethatthreat.大自然是怎样对全世界人民形成一种威胁的及科学能如何帮助减少这种威胁。(p.73WarmingUpNo.3)
1)danger此处用作可数名词,意为“危害,威胁”,常与介词to或of连用。如:①Thenarrowbridgeisadangertotraffic.这座狭窄的桥梁对交通造成了危险。②Violentcriminalslikethatareadangertosociety.这种暴力罪犯对社会是一种危害。③Abusystreetisadangertochildren.交通流量大的街道对小孩子很危险。
像danger一样,还有些抽象名词可表示具体化的事物。如:surprise,cold,pleasure,pity,failure,success,worry,honour,experience,must,difficulty,youth,beauty,wonder,interest等;但也有些抽象名词即使没有形容词修饰也不能具体化,如:fun,advice,information,health,progress,wealth,news,weather等。如:①Theexperimenthasturnedoutasuccess.实验终于成功了。②ManypeopleagreethataknowledgeofEnglishisamustininternationaltradetoday.许多人赞成当今国际贸易中英语知识是不可缺少的东西。
2)reduce此处用作及物动词,意为“把(数量、力量等)减少;缩小(尺寸、程度等);降低(价格等)”,如:①Iboughtthisshirtbecauseitwasreducedfrom$12to$6.我买了这件衬衣,因为它的价格从12英镑减到6英镑。②Shereducedherweightby5kilograms.她的体重减轻了5公斤。③Reducethesaucebyboilingitfortenminutes.煮十分钟把调味汁熬掉些。④Thenewworkingmethodfurtherreducedproductioncosts.新的操作方法进一步降低了生产成本。
reduce还可意为“使成为(多用于被动语态且与to连用);使处于某种状态(须与to连用)”。如:①Thebombreducedthecitytoruins.炸弹爆炸使得该城镇化为废墟。②Thehousewasreducedtoashes.房子被烧成了灰烬。③Hemanagedtoreducedthegroupofchildrentosilence.他设法使这些孩子静了下来。④Intheoldsocietyhewasreducedtobegging.在旧社会他被逼得讨饭。
2.Myfriendsaidhewasscaredtodeath.我的朋友说他吓得要死。(p.74Speaking倒数第7行)
1)scared意为“感到害怕(恐惧)的,受惊吓的”,其后常与介词of/at,动词不定式或that从句连用。如:①Areyouscaredofsnakes?你怕蛇吗?②Whywontyoucomeonthetrip?Areyouscared?你为什么不参加旅行?你害怕吗?③Shewasscaredtorideonthehorse.她怕
骑马。④Imscaredtoflyinaplane/scaredthatitmightcrash.我很怕坐飞机旅行/很怕飞机坠毁。
scared;frightened;terrified三者意义相同,只是程度不同:scared语气最弱,terrified语气最强。
①Ifeltabitscaredwhentheplanetookoff.飞机起飞时,我有点害怕。②Thechildwasfrightenedbythebigdog.那孩子被狗吓坏了。③Iwasterrifiedwhenthetigerrantowardsme.那只老虎向我扑来时,我吓坏了。
2)本句中的介词to表示某一过程达到的结果,变为“成了…,以至变为…”。如:①Hisdebtsamountedto5,000dollars.他的负债额达到了5000美元。②Thecupwasbrokentopieces.那杯子破成了碎片。③Thesnowsoonturnedtowaterundertheraysofthesun.在阳光照射下雪很快变成了水。④ThecakewasburnttoacinderbythetimeMarygotback.玛丽回来时,点心已烤成焦炭。⑤Hedrankhimselftodeath.他饮酒致死。⑥Toourgreatsurprise,hedidntturnup.使我们很奇怪的是他竟然没有露面。
3.Somepeoplegotintoatotalpanic,whenthetyphoonpulledtheroofsofftheirhousesandcarswentupintheair.当台风掀掉屋顶、汽车刮上天时,有些人惊慌起来。(p.74Speaking倒数第4行)
1)getintoapanic意为“进入恐怖状态”,其后与about连用引出原因。如:①Theaudiencegotintoapanicaboutthefireinthetheatre.观众因剧院起火而变得慌乱起来。②Shegotintoapanicwhenshethoughtshedforgottenthetickets.她想起忘了带入场券时,顿时惊慌起来。
panic尤其指没有明确的理由而传开于群众间的恐慌,通常用单数形式或当作不可数名词。如:①Wewerethrownintoapanicwhenthelightssuddenlywentoff.当灯突然熄灭时,我们陷入一片慌乱。②Thecrowdwasinapanic.群众陷入恐慌状态。
2)句中off意为“从原位置或接触连接处移开,分离或脱落”,即从整体中去掉某一部分。如:①Oneofthebuttonshascomeoffmycoat.我的衣服掉了一个纽扣。②Thebushitatruckandranofftheroad.那辆公共汽车撞上了一辆卡车,冲出了公路。③Shetooksomemeatofftheplate.她从盘子里拿走了一些肉。④Youaregoingoffthesubject,arentyou?你的话离题了,不是吗?
3)goup的几种常见意思:a.上涨,提高;b.响起;c.爆炸,被炸,/烧毁;d.拔地而起。如:①Everythingseemstobegoingupthesedays.近来什么东西好像都要涨价。②Whenthefirststreamofclearwaterflowedintothecanal,agreatcheerwentup.当第一股清泉流入水渠时,顿时一片欢腾。③Thetallbuildingwentupinflames.这座大楼在熊熊烈火中烧毁了。④Newuniversitieswentupatafantasticrateinthe1980s.在80年代,新的大学以极快的速度建造起来。
4.Yeah,man.Nowthatkindofthingwouldreallyfrightenme.嗯,老兄。那种事情确实使我害怕。(p.74Speaking倒数第4行)
man此处用作不可数名词,用于称呼男性,意为“老兄”。如:①Thispartyisreallygreat,man!老兄,这个聚会真是棒极了!②Wakeup,man,youcantsleepallday!老兄,醒醒,你不能整天睡觉!
有关man的几种特殊用法:(1)在男人与女人相提并论时,man前不用冠词,单独用。如:Manisstrongerthanwoman.男人比女人强壮。(2)用作不可数名词,表示“人类”时,不和冠词连用。如:Manmustfightforhisownexistence.人类必须为自己的生存而奋斗。(3)menandwoman是固定短语,词序不能颠倒,表示“男女”。如:ThisTVplayissointerestingthatmenandwomen,boysandgirlsliketowatchit.这部电视剧非常有趣,男女老少都爱看。(4)含man的几条谚语:①Somanymen,somanyminds.人各有志。②Likemaster,likeman.有其主必有其仆。③Deadmantellnotales.死人不会泄露。④Amancandiebutonce.人无二死。⑤Amancandon0morethanhecan.凡事应量力而行。⑥Amancannotspinandreelatthesametime.一心不能二用。⑦Amanhaschoicetobeginlove,butnottoendit.谈爱容易摆脱难。⑧Menmaymeetbutmountainsnever.人生何处不相逢。⑨Amanofwordsandnotofdeedsislikeagardenfullofweeds.光说不做的人有如光生长野草的花园。⑩Nomanisbornwiseorlearned.人非生而知之者。?Nomaniswiseatalltimes.智者千虑必有一失。
5.Itmakesmyhairstandonend.这令我毛骨悚然。(p.75Usefulexpressions)
onend意义有二:a.直立;b.连续的,继续地(也可以说right/straightonend)。如:Wehadtostandthetableonendtogetinthroughthedoor.我们只能把桌子竖起才能把它抬进这门。Theterriblesightmadeherhairstandonend.那可怕的景象使她毛骨悚然。Hesatthereforhoursonend.她连续几个小时坐在那儿。Ithasbeensnowingonendforaweek.雪连续下了一周。
SectionII阅读
6.YouaskedmetowriteyousomethingaboutthedeathofmyunclePliny,whodiedinanunforgettabledisaster.你叫我写信告诉你有关我叔叔普利尼死亡的一些情况,他是在一次难忘的灾难中去世的。(p.76Reading第一段第2行)
disaster意为“灾难;惨事;灾害;不幸”,可用作可数名词,也可用作不可数名词,它主要表示突然降临的使个人生命财产受到损失或毁掉某人事业、前途的灾难,也指自然灾害。如:①Thefloodwasaterribledisaster,hundredsofpeopledied.那次洪水是一场可怕的灾难,有数以百计的人丧生。②Everythingwasgoingwell,andthensuddenlydisasterstruck.一切正进展顺利的时候,突然发生了可怕的事情。③Theelectionresultswillbringpoliticaldisaster.这次选举的结果会在政治上引起严重的不良后果。④Thecrashwastheworstairdisasterthisyear.那次飞机坠毁事件是今年最严重的空难。
惹祸:cause/court/invitedisaster
遭受灾害:experience/meet/suffer(a)disaster
7.WelivedinsouthernItaly.我们居住在意大利南部。(p.76Reading第二段第1行)
south,southern,southward(s);southerly(这类词汇)
(1)为明确地给地球表面划定范围,尤其是政治范围时,我们通常用south,north,east;west;对于不太明确的范围划分,通常用southern,northern,eastern,western。如:SouthAfrica南非SouthernAfrica南部非洲(包括南部非洲许多地方,不光指南非)EastChina华东theeasternpartofChina中国的东部(不光指华东地区)
(2)south等词,重点在形容方位或从哪个方向来的;而southern等词则指从某一固定地点看某一方向,或指某物来自何方向或某个方向。如:theNorthPole北极theWesternHills西山(指从北京看,西山在西方)
(3)south等作副词时,和southward(s)等意义相同,但后者较少使用;southward(adj.adv.)等词比south(adj.adv.)等“朝、向”概念更强。如:①Ourhousefacessouth/southward.我们家的房子朝南。②Afterhavingtravelled15miles,weturnedeastwards.我们走了15英里后就转往东去了。③Theyadvancedinawestwarddirection.他们朝西方行进。
(4)southerly等词用于表示气流和风向,意为“来自某方向”(主要指“偏南”等)。如:Thesoutherlyairstreamwillbringrain.南来的气流会带来雨水。
方位名词south,north,east,west等常与定冠词连用。如:①Theairportisafewkilometrestothe
southofLondon.机场位于伦敦以南几公里处。②Thecloudsarecomingfromthewest.那些云自西边涌起。
8.Onthe24thofAugustin79AD,betweentwoandthreeintheafternoonmymotherdrewmyunclesattentiontoacloudofunusualsizeandshape.在公元79年8月24日那天,下午两三点时分我妈妈让我叔叔注意到了一片不同寻常大小和形状的云。(p.76Reading第二段第2行)
1)drawonesattention:“引起某人注意”我们可说:attract/capture/catch/command/draw/get/bringtoonesattention。如:①Hershoutsdrewtheattentionofthepolice.她的喊叫声引起了警察的注意。②Hedrewatten-tiontotherisingunemployment.(=Therisingunemploy-mentdrewhisattention.)失业率的日渐升高引起了他的注意。③Idrewhisattentiontothefact.我使他注意此事。④Thematterattractedourattention.那件事引起了我们的注意。⑤Shewavedherhandtocatchmyattention.她挥手以引起我的注意。
与attention构成的常见搭配:devoteonesattentionto专心于;give/payattentionto注意;holdonesattentionon将注意力集中在;direct/turnonesattentionto将注意力转向;fixonesattentionon留意,专心于;withattention专心,注意地;standatattention立正;Attention,please!请各位注意!
payonesattentionto还意为“向女人献殷勤”。
attention除作“注意”讲,还可意为“照料;治疗;亲切;殷勤”。如:①Theboyshowshismothermuchattention.这男孩非常关心他母亲。②Thepatientneedsimmediateattention.那病人需要立即治疗。③Hetriedtowinherheartbyalotofattention.他向她献殷勤以获芳心。
2)beofa(n)/the/thesame+表示年龄、形状、大小、样式、种类等名词,可在句中作定语或表语,说明名词的特征或性质。如:①Thetwoboysareofmiddleheight.这个男孩中等个子。②Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.物以类聚。③Theyareofthesameage.他们年龄一样大。④Thetworoomsareofasize.这两个房间一样大小。
8.Wewatcheditrisingfromamountain—atsuchadistancewecouldnttellwhichone,butwelaterlearntthatitwasMountVesuvius.我们看见它是从一座山上升起来的-在这么远的地方我们分辨不出是哪座山,但后来我们得知那是维苏威火山。(p.76Reading第二段第3行)
1)atadistance意为“从远处;隔开一段距离”。如:①Dogsthatbarkatadistanceneverbite.在远处叫的狗不咬人。②Thesoundofthewaterfallcanbeheardatadistanceof2miles.在2英里外就能听到瀑布声。③Thepyramidsarevisibleatadistanceofseveralkilometres.一座座金字塔在数英里的地方就能看到。④Whileshewasyetatsomedistance,heturnedandsawher.她在远处还有一段距离时,他转身看到了她。⑤Shekepthimatadistanceuntilhehadprovedhecouldbetrusted.在他证明自己确实可依赖之前,她一直对他很冷淡。
与distance构成的短语:fromadistance从远处inthedistance在远处,远方的;keeponesdistance保持距离;不亲近;keepsb.atadistance冷待某人;gothefulldistance走完全程;workoutdistance计算出距离;bydistance按里程;withinhearingdistance在能听到的地方
2)tell此处意为“断定;辨别;识别;看出”,通常用于否定句和疑问句,与can,could或beableto连用。如:①Thetwobrothersaresomuchalikethatitisalmostimpossibletotellonefromtheother.这两兄弟非常相像,几乎不可能把他们分辨出来。②Icanttellwhichbagishers.我分辨不出哪一个手提袋是她的。③Canyoutellthedifferencebetweenthetwo?你能看出两者之间的差别吗?④Noonecantellwhatwillhappeninthefuture.谁也不知道将来会发生什么。⑤Icanttellwhether/ifitsright.我不能判定此事是对还是错。
9.Thesightofitawokethescientistinmyuncletogoandseeitfromcloserathand.目睹到这情景,身为科学家的我叔叔决定到近处观察。(p.76Reading第二段第5行)
1)介词in在此表示同一性,意为“在……(身)上”。如:①Andyouwillhaveanothersupporterinme.你还有另一个支持者,那就是我。②InherIseeafutureleader.我看出她是一位未来的领袖人物。③Youwillalwayshaveafriendinme.我将永远是你的一位好朋友。④Shedidnthaveitinhertocheat.她不会做骗人的事情。
2)athand此处意为“在近处”,为固定搭配。如:①For-tunatelytherewassomeoneathand,soweaskedhimtodeliverthemessageatonce.幸好附近有人,因此我们就请他立即把信送去。②Theylivecloseathand.他们住在附近。
athand还可作“即将来到,在手边”讲。如:①Ialwayskeepadictionary(ready)athand.我总是把词典放在手边。②Ihaventmybookathand,butIllshowittoyoulater.我的书不在手头,以后再给你看吧。③Theautumnharvestisathand.秋收即将到来。④Victoryisnearathand,butwestillhavetokeeponfighting.胜利已经在望,但我们还是继续战斗。
athand也常用下列形式:near/closeathand,nextoneshand,readyathand,readytohand,tohands;在美国英语中,也说onhand。
与hand构成的介词短语:atthehand(s)ofsb.出自某人之手;atfirsthand直接地,亲自的;byhand用手(做)的;靠工人;fromhandtohand从一人(之手)转到他人(之手);fromhandtomouth仅够糊口地;handinglove非常亲密的;同伙地;handinhand携手,共同地handtohand短兵相接地;on(the)onehand一方面;ontheotherhand另一方面;outofhand立刻,马上;tohand在手边,在手中;underoneshand由某人签名的;withonesownhands由某人亲自
10.Hehurriedtoaplacefromwhichotherswerefleeing,andheldhiscoursedirectlyintodanger.他急忙赶到一个别人从此逃走的地方,直奔危险地带。(p.76Reading第三段第4行)
flee用作不及物动词,意为“(尤指因害怕)逃走(掉);消失(散)”;也可用作及物动词,意为“逃离;逃避”。其过去式、过去分词为fled,fled。如:①Thespectatorsfledinpanicwhenthebullgotloose.那头公牛挣开了束缚,吓得观众急忙四散逃走。②Thefamilyfled(from)theburninghouse.那家人从燃烧的房子中逃了出来。③Theenemysoldiersfledinalldirections.敌兵四下溃逃。④Mistsfleebeforetherisingsun.日出雾散。⑤Hishopefledwhenhewasrefusedtheadmittancetothecompany.当他被拒绝进入这家公司时,他希望破灭了。⑥Wewereforcedtofleethecountry.我们被迫逃往国外。
在现代英语中,flee的现在时及现在分词形式通常用fly的相应形式fly和flying来替代。
一句多译:他从那个国家逃跑了。
①Hefledfromthatcountry.
②Heflew(from)thatcountry.
③Heescapedfromthatcountry.
④Heranawayfromthatcountry.
flee;escape;fly;runaway
flee强调逃跑的行为本身,常含有“惧怕”的意味,可用作vt.vi.。escape强调逃跑的结果,即“跑掉”,只用作vi.。fly强调逃跑的仓促性,通常带有紧急的意味,可用作vt.vi.。runaway多用于口语,含有“不辞而别”的意味,只用作vi.。①Heescapedfrom/outoftheburninghouse.他从燃烧着的房子里逃了出来。②Hecameflyingintotheroom.他飞一样地奔进房间来。③Theboyranawayfromhomeandwenttosea.那男孩离家出走,当上了海员。
11.Ashandbitsofrockthatwereburntblackwerefallingontotheshipnow,darkerandmore,theclosertheywent.灰烬和片片烧黑的岩石开始往船上掉落,他们走得越近,就越黑更多。(p.76Reading第四段第1行)
darkerandmore,theclosertheywent属于“themore...themore...”结构,意为“越…,越…”,前者为从句,后者为主句,在本句话中,主从句语序颠倒。且省略了从句中的the。如:①Themorepeopleyouknow,thelesstimeyouhavetoseethem.你认识的人越多,你见他们的时间就越少。②Themoreyoustudy,themoreyouknow.学得越多,懂得就越多。③Thebusiertheoldmanis,thehappierhefeels.那位老人越忙越高兴。④Thesmallertheroomorthemorepeopleinit,thefastertheairbecomesbad.房子越小或里边的人越从,空气变坏的就越快。⑤Itbecomes(the)colder,thehigherwegoupintheair.我们越是往上天气就越冷。
(1)前一个the是关系副词,表示程度范围等(=byhowmuch,inwhateverdegree);后一个the是指示副词(=bysomuch,inthatdegree)。(2)有时根据具体语境可使用省略结构。如:①Themore,thebetter.越多越好。②Thesooner,thebetter.越快越好。
12.Hepausedforamomentwonderingwhethertoturnbackasthecaptainurgedhim.当船长催促他时,他暂时停了一会儿想想是否返回。(p.76Reading第四段第2行)
1)pause;break的区别:*pause指动作的暂时停顿,语气较缓和。*break指活动过程中为某种目的的暂时中断。*pause常用来指说话或朗读中的换气或停顿的地方,也指战争期间的停火等。①Theteacherplayedthetapewithapauseaftereachsentence.老师在放录音带时第一个句尾暂停一下。②Ihadtopauseforbreath.我不得不停下来喘口气。③Governmentsourcessaidtherewouldbenoprolongedpauseinthewar.据官方消息,这场战争的时间不会长久。④Letshaveateabreaktohaveatalk.咱们喝点茶休息一下聊聊天。⑤Shehasworkedfor4hourswithoutabreak.她一口气干了4小时,没有休息一会儿。⑥Theworkmentookabreaksoweenjoyedabriefrespitefromthenoise.工人们休息了一下,所以我们能够享受片刻的安宁。
2)foramoment意为“一会儿”(=forawhile)。如:①Therewassilenceforamoment,thensomeonecameoutwithamostusefulsuggestion.沉默了一会儿,然后有人提出一项极有用的建议。②Thequestionwassounexpectedthat,foramoment,shewasatalosshowtoactupproperly.问题来的这么突然,她一时不知道如何做出恰当的反应。③Illstayforamoment.我要呆一会儿。
notforamoment意为“一刻也不;绝不”。如:①Idontforamomentdoubthisinnocence.我绝不怀疑他的清白。②NotforamomentwouldIthinkthatyoudidit.我认为这绝对不是你干的。
与moment构成的介词短语:atthemoment此刻,当时;atthelastmoment在紧要关头;forthemoment目前,暂时;inamoment立即,马上;ofthemoment现在的,目前的;tothe(very)moment(时间)正好;atanymoment在任何时候;fromthefirstmoment从开始起
3)whether;if的区别:whether;if作“是否”讲,一般可以互换,但下列情况例外,只能用whether:a.后接动词不定式时;b.引导的主语从句或宾语从句置于句首时;c.引导表语从句或同位语从句时;d.作动词discuss及介词的宾语从句时;e.其后紧跟ornot时。①Iwonderwhethertotellherornot.我不知道该不该告诉她。②Whetherthisistrueornot,Icantsay.这是不是真的,我不敢说。③Whetherhewouldcomewasuncertain.他是否来还不清楚。④ThequestionwhetherthePrimeMinistershouldresignmustbedecidedsoon.首相应不应该辞职的问题必须迅速决定。⑤Theproblemiswhethershecanarriveontime.问题是她能否按时来到。⑥--WhenshallweleaveforLondon?--Itdependsonwhethershesready.—我们何时动身去伦敦?—要看她是否准备好了。⑦Hedidntsaywhetherornothewouldbestayingthere.他没说他是否将在那里停留。⑧Wediscussedwhetherweshoulddosetheshop.我们讨论了是否该把门关掉。
13.Uponarrival,myunclehuggedPompyandtriedtogivehimcourage.刚一到达那里,我叔叔就拥抱宠培并尽量为他鼓足勇气。(p.76Reading第5段第3行)
“on/upon+名词/动名词”可在句中作状语,意为“一……就”,相当于assoonas引导的时间状语从句。如:①On/UponhisreturnfromBeijing,hebeganhisresearchwork.他一从北京回来,就立即开始了他的研究工作。②Theboysstoodupontheentranceoftheheadteacher.班主任一进来,孩子们就起立。③Onhisarrivalattheairport,hewasarrestedbythepolice。他一到机场就被警察抓住了。④Thewomancriedoutonbearingthestrangewhistle.那妇女一听到那奇怪的哨音便立即大叫起来。⑤Onreadingit,hefoundthataservantofthefamilyinFrancehadbeenputintoprison,thoughnofaultofhisown.看了信,他得知他法国家中的一个仆人无辜地被关进了监狱。
“一…就…”表达法种种:(1)assoonas;once:Assoonassheheardthenews,sheburstintotears.一听到这个消息,她就大哭起来。(2)the(very)moment(instant,minute,second,etc.):Themomentshesawthesnake,sheturnedpale.一见到蛇,她的脸变得苍白。(3)instantly;immediately;directly:Theyoungladyhadrushedintotheroomimmediatelysheheardanoise.那位年轻女子一听到响声就冲进了房间。(4)nosooner...than;hardly...when/before:Ihadhardlygotintothecarwhen/beforeIheardamancallmyname.我刚一踏进车子就听见有人叫我。(5)at/with+名词词组:Withthefirstappearanceofthesun,thebirdsbegintosing.太阳一出百鸟鸣。
14.Hebathedandhaddinner,givingeveryonetheimpressionthattherewasnodangeratall.他洗了澡,吃了饭,给大家一种根本就没有危险的印象。(p.76Reading第5段第5行)
impression作“印象”讲,可作可数名词或不可数名词。如:①Hisspeechmadequiteanimpressionontheaudience.他的演说给听众留下了相当好的印象。②Firstimpressionsareoftenwrong.第一印象往往是靠不住的。③Hisbehaviorgaveherahadimpression.他的行为给她留下了一个恶劣的印象。
①“给某人留下印象”可说leave/make/havea...impressionthat...。②“觉得,以为”不能说inonesimpression,而说beundertheimpressionthat.”。③hisimpressionofher=herimpressiononhim
impress作“使(某人)印象深刻”时,通常用于被动语态,不用进行时,常用于beimpressedby/at/withsth.或beimpressedononesmind/memory结构;impress还可作“使(某人)铭记”讲,常用impresssth.onsb.或impresssb.withsth.结构。如:①Theteachersweremostimpressedbyyourperformanceintheexam.所有老师被你们的考试成绩所深深感动。②Wevetriedthenewproductandwerefavorablyimpressedwithit.我们已试过这种新产品,对它相当满意。③Myfatherimpressedonmethevalueofhardwork.(=Myfatherimpressedmewiththevalueofhardwork.)父亲要我铭记努力工作的重要性。④Sheimpressedmeasawomanofgreatkindness.在我印象中,她是一位非常仁慈的女性。
15.Helookedmoreasleepthandead.他看上去与其说是死了,倒不如说是睡着了。(p.76Reading第6段第5行)
(1)more…than…除表示“比……更……之外”,此处意为“与其说……倒不如说……”。如:①Hewasmorefrightenedthanangry.与其说他生气了,倒不如说他是吓坏了。②Thebookseemstobemoreadictionarythanagrammar.这本书看起来与其说是一本语法书,倒不如说是一本词典。③Sheismorethoughtlessthanstupid.与其说她笨,倒不如说她粗心大意。
(2)asleep是表语形容词,不能作定语,若须前置定语,须用sleeping。如:①IfellasleepwhilewatchingTV.我在看电视时睡着了。②Letsleepingdogslie.(谚)少管闲事免得烦;不捅马蜂窝,蜂也不来蛰。
仅作表语的形容词有afraid,alike,awake,alone,ashamed,asleep,alive,ill,well,glad,content,sorry(抱歉的),sure(确信的)等。
16.Youcanpickouttheimportantbits,foritisonethingtowritealetter,anothertowritehistory,onethingtowritetoafriend,anothertowriteforthepublic.你可以选择点重要的部分,因写信是一回事,编写历史是另一回事,给朋友写信是一回事,为大众写作又是一回事。(p.76Reading第7段第2行)
pickout此处意为“(精心)挑选出”。如:①Shepickedoutascarftowearwiththedress.她挑选了一条围巾以配上她穿的衣服。②Mymotherisgoingtohelpmepickoutanewsuit.母亲要帮我挑选一套新衣服。③Pickoutthebookyoureinterestedin.挑出你感兴趣的书来。
pickout还可作“(从多数中)找出,分辨出;了解,领会(意义);(以不同的颜色)衬托,使显眼”。如:①Canyoupickoutyourbrotherinthiscrowd?你能从这些人中找出你兄弟吗?②Thissailorhasaneyeaccustomedtopickingoutobjectsfaratsea.这水手的眼睛惯于辨别远处海上的东西。③GoetherdidnotknowGreekwellandhadtopickoutitsmeaningwiththehelpofaLatindictionary.歌德不谙希腊语,须借拉丁词典把意义弄明白。④Thehousesinthepaintingwerepickedoutinwhite.画中的房子在白色衬托下非常突出。
由pick构成的动词短语:pickandchoose挑三拣四;pick...apart分解;严厉批评;pickat指责;吃一点点;pickoff摘去;一个个地射杀;pickon/upon选择(某人)(做讨厌的事);pickover(慎重地)选择;pickup拾起;(用车)接人;得到;收听;pickholesin挑毛病
SectionIII词汇、综合技能
17.TheNanshanwasonherwayfromthesouthtoFuzhou,withChineseworkersonboard,returningtotheirhomevillagesintheprovinceofFujian.南山号正从南方驶往福州,船上载着返回福建省老家的中国工人。(p.79IntegratingSkills第1段第2行)
1)onboard在此意为“在船(飞机、车)上”(=onaship/plane/train),它也可用“到船(飞机,车)上去”讲(=ontoorintoaship/plane/train)。如:①Ileftthestationaftershewentonboardthetrain.她上火车后我才离开车站。②AssoonasImonboardaship,Ialwaysfeelsick.我一到船上,就感到恶心。③Assoonaswewentonboard,ourshipleftport.我们一上船,船就出港了。④Therearemorethantwohundredpassengersonboardtheplane.当时飞机上有200多名旅客。
onboard还可作“相并行,支持的;合作的”讲。如:①Severalshipswereonboardeachother.几艘船并列航行。②TheessenceofHaigsreportwasthatThienwasstill"notonboard".黑格的报告的实质就是说蒂欣仍然“不合作”。
ontheboard,ontheboards;onboard
ontheboard意为“将在会上讨论”;ontheboards意为“当演员”;onboard意义见上述讲解。①Thepointwillbelaidontheboardofthenextmeeting.这一点将在下次会议上讨论。②Hehasbeenontheboardsanhislife.他当了一辈子演员。
2)return作“返回,回来”讲是不及物动词,作“归还,回报”讲是及物动词。如:①Hehasjustreturnedto/fromtheU.S.他刚回到美国(刚从美国回来)。②Letsreturntothetopic.咱们言归正传吧。③Youshouldreturnthebooktotheshelfafteryoureadit.你读完书后应该放回书架。④ShesmiledasIenteredtheroom.Ireturnedthesmile.我进房时,她微微一笑,我也报以微笑。
18.Theheatwasclose.大热天非常闷热。(p.79Integra-tingSkills第1段第4行)
1)heat意为“炎热的天气”(=hotweather)。
2)close意为“不通风的,闷热的”。如:①Icantwalkaboutinthisheat.我不能在这么炎热的天气里到处走动。②WelikelivinginatropicalcountrybutWecouldntstandtheheat.我们喜欢住在热带地区,但却受不了那里炎热的气候。③Itsverycloseinhere;openthewindow.这里很闷,把窗子打开吧。④Itwasacloseday.这是一个闷热的天气。
19."Theressomedirtyweatherknockingabout."“要有恶劣天气肆虐了。”(p.79IntegratingSkills第2段第2行)
1)dirty在口语当中可作“令人不愉快的;恶劣的;(脸色)难看的;(气候)恶劣的”。如:①Thefishermenwontg0outonsuchadirtynight.渔民在这样气候恶劣的晚上不出海。②Shegavemeadirtylook.她很不高兴地瞪了我一眼。
2)knockabout常见意义有:a.(风浪)冲击(船只);b.粗暴对待;c.接连打击;d.存在,活着;e.到处漫游。如:①Theshiphasbeenbadlyknockedaboutbythestorm.这只船被暴风雨冲击得很厉害。②Ifthatmenknockshiswifeaboutanymorehellbesenttoprison.要是那个人还虐待妻子,他就要被送进监狱。③Theresnothingtodohere;letsgointothatfieldandknockaballaboutforanhourorso.这儿无事可做,咱们去那个场子打半个来小时的球吧。④Theresplentyofmoneyknockingaboutifyouknowwheretolook.金子有的是-如果你知道哪儿去找的话。⑤Iveknockedaboutinmostpartsoftheworldinmytime.我这辈子差不多游遍了整个世界。
与knock构成的动词短语:knockback反击;猛喝(大量酒);knockdown把(人)击倒,拆除;knockin敲进(钉子等);knockinto将……打入;强迫灌输;knockoff停止(工作);减(价);knockout击倒;打败;敲出;knockover推翻;撞到;knockup敲门叫(人)起床;knocktogether(两物)互撞;knockagainst撞;偶然遇见
20."Whatsup?"Jukes,theengineer,asked.“出了什么事?”工程师朱克斯问道。(p.79第2段第3行)
Whatsup?在非正式文体中相当于Whatshappening?Whatsthematter?意为“(不好的事)出了什么事?”。如:①Whatsup?Whyaretheycrying?出什么事了?他们为什么哭?②IknewsomethingwasupwhenIsawthesmoke.当我看到冒烟时,我知道一定是出事了。③Whatsup,Mike?Youlookpale.怎么啦,麦克?你看起来(脸色)苍白。
5."Itlooksasifatyphooniscomingon."saidtheCaptain.“看起来好像要来台风了,”船长说道。(p.79IntegratingSkills第2段第4行)
comeon此处意为“开始,来临”,从句中的进行时表示将来的动作。如:①Thereisastormcomingon.暴风雨要来了。②Winteriscomingon,youcanfeelitintheair.冬天要来了,你从空气中就能感觉到。③Itcameontosnowheavilytowardstheevening.黄昏时分,大雪纷飞。④Theraincameonagainwhilewewereworkinginthefields.我们正在田野中干活,又下起雨来了。
comeon意思较多,常见的还有:a.跟随,随后;b.进行,进展;c.(演员,演奏者,选手等)出场,(电视)播放,(电影,戏剧)上演;d.(突然)袭击;e.(用于祈使句,催促对方,表示劝诱、激励、鼓励、挑战、注意等)来吧、好啦、赶快、来呀、得了吧。如:①Youhadbettergonow,Illcomeonlater.你最好现在就走,我随后就来。②Youhavecomeonwellwithyourtennis.你的网球进步很快。③Whattimedoesthenewscomeon?新闻几点钟寸开始播报呢?④Fearcameonherwhenallthelightssuddenlywentout.所有的灯突然熄灭时,她感到一阵恐惧侵袭上来。⑤--Illtakeatleasttwohourstodothis.--Oh,comeon!Icoulddoitin20minutes!—做这件事我至少需花2个小时。—咳,得啦!我只要20分钟就可以做完。⑥Comeon,children,orwellbelate!快点,孩子们,不然我们就晚了。
21."Whatevertheremightbe,"saidJukes,"wearesteamingstraightintoit".“不管是什么,”朱克斯说,“我们都要径直行驶进去。”(p.79IntegratingSkills第3段第1行)
1)steam在此用作不及物动词,意为“(蒸汽机、轮船、火车等)行驶”。如:①Theshipsteamedintotheharbour.船驶入了港湾。②Thetrainsteamedintothestation.火车喷着蒸汽驶入车站。③Theshipsteamedattwelveknots.轮船以每小时十二里的速度行驶。
steam还可作“冒热气,把蒸汽用于…,蒸发”讲。如:①Thekettleissteaming.水壶在冒热气。②Thatwomanoftenlikestosteamtheskinbycoveringitwithhottowels.那位妇女常常喜欢用蒸汽蒸皮肤,把皮肤用热毛巾包起来。
由steam构成的习惯搭配:atfullsteam全力以赴地,全速;fullsteamahead全速前进;getupsteam加把劲;steamoff用蒸汽使(某物)脱离;steamup(使)蒙上蒸汽;understeam(事情)在进行中;underonesownsteam独立地;pickupsteam(车)渐渐加速;runoutofsteam筋疲力尽;workoffsteam使劲干活
2)straight作“直的(地)”讲,其形容词和副词同一种形式,不要在副词后加一ly后缀。如:①Canyoumakethiswirestraight?你能把这铁丝拉直吗?②Theroadgoesstraightacrossthedesert.那条道路笔直穿过沙漠。
direct;straight:表示“直接去某地”时,用direct(ly)或straight,direct侧重“直接”,中途不停,而straight侧重“直”不拐弯。①Theywentdirect(1y)/straighthomeafterschool.他们放学后直接回家。②Thepupilssatstraight,listeningtotheirteacher.学生们笔直地坐着听老师讲课。(此处不能用direct)
22."Shesdonefor",CaptainMacWhirrsaidtohimself.“她可完了,”麦克沃尔船长心里想。(p.79IntegratingSkills第4段第4行)
1)dofor在此意为“使完蛋,毁掉”,一般用作bedonefor结构。如:①Hetooknobodysadvicebutpersistedinhiswrong-doing.Andnowithasdoneforhim.他谁的劝告都不听,坚持错误,现在他可完了。②Imafraidheisdonefor;hewontgooverpneumoniaathisage.恐怕他这下子算是完了,他那个年纪得了肺炎是好不了的。③Imafraidtheseshoesaredonefor;throwthemaway.这鞋子算是坏了,扔掉吧。
dofor还可意为“可做…用;对…适用;照料;替某人管家;得到(食物、饮料等)”。如:①Thisplacewilldoforagymnasium.这地方可做体育馆用。②Thisroomisrathersmall,butitwilldoforme.这房间是小一点儿,但对我来说,也就可以对付了。③Herneighbourdidforherduringherillness.她生病期间,由一位邻居照料她。④Howwillyoudoforwaterwhilecrossingthedesert?你们越过沙漠时,水的问题怎么解决呢?
2)saytooneself意为“心里想”,相当于thinktooneself。如:①Hesaid/thoughttohimselfthattherewas
somethingwrong.他想其中有毛病。②"Youshallrepentthis,"saidJimtohimself.“总有一天你会后悔,”约翰心里想。③"Ivegottogo,"shesaidtoherself.她心想,“我必须走了”。
talktooneself;thinkaloud意为“自言自语”,而非与saytooneself相同。如:Hesalwaystalkingtohimself.他总是在自言自语。(=Heisalwayssayingsomethingtohimself.)
23."Willshelivethroughthis?"“她能挺得过去吗?”(p.79IntegratingSkills第4段第5行)
livethrough意为“活过;经历(困难,危险等)而未死”,不能用于被动语态。如:①IdontknowhowIlivedthroughthenextweek,waitingfortheresult.我不知道我是怎样在等待结果中度过了下一周的。②Icouldn’tlivethroughanotherdaylikethat.照这样我一天也熬不下去了。③Thepatientwillnotlivethroughthenight.那病人将无法活过今晚。④Weneverdreamtwedhavetolivethroughanotherwar.我们做梦也没想到,我们还要经历一次战争。
与live有关的常见搭配:liveover再活一次;liveupto配得上;遵从(主义等)行动;liveundersth.生活在…下;liveon以…为主食;靠…生计;liveby以…为生;livedown改过自新;livefor渴望
24.Withatearingcrash,tonsofwaterfelluponthedeck,asthoughtheshippassedunderawaterfall.伴随着一声巨响,数吨水落在甲板上,好像船从瀑布下穿过一般。(p.79IntegratingSkills第5段第5-6行)
1)with此处表示“与…同时/随时”,表示伴随情况。如:①Temperaturesvarywiththetimeoftheyear.气温随季节的变化而变化。②WiththeapproachofChristmastheweatherturnedcolder.圣诞节临近时天气变得更冷了。③Thegirlseemedtobegrowingprettierwitheachday.那女孩好像长得一天比一天漂亮了。
2)fallon/upon此处意为“落在”,也可作“猛烈进攻,袭击;向‘食物’猛扑过去;(节日等)适逢;(责任等)落在(某人)身上”讲。如:①Theyfellontheenemyvigorously.他们猛烈地向敌人进攻。②Thehungrychildrenfellonthefood.饥饿的孩子们向食物扑去。③ThisyearNationalDayfallsonaMonday.今年国庆节适逢星期一。④Whydotheseexpensesfallonme?我为何要负担这些费用?
fallonhardtimes意为“遭遇痛苦”;fallononesfeet意为“幸免于难”(源于猫从高处落下能站稳。
3)asthough(=asif)可用来引导状语从句或表语从句,意为“好像/仿佛……”,其内容往往是主观的想象或夸大性的比喻,在书面语中,从句谓语动词常用虚拟语气形式,有下列三种情况:a.从句情况发生在主句之前,用过去完成时。b.从句情况与主句同时发生,用过去时或过去进行时。c.从句情况发生在主句之后,用过去将来时。①Hewalkedslowlyasthoughhehadhurthisleg.他走路缓慢,好像腿受了伤的样子。②Itisasifshehadknownmeforyears.她好像认识我许多年了。③Crusoeheardanoise,asthoughsomeonewasbreathing.克鲁索听到了嘈杂声,好像有人在呼吸。④Shealwaystalkstomeasthoughshewere/wasmysister.她总是以我姐姐的语气跟我说话。⑤Theblackskylooksasthoughitwouldfall.漆黑的天空好像要塌下来似的。
如果asthough从句中的谓语动词是表示状态的be,exist,have,belongto等时,动词一般用过去式。如:Hetookthedictionaryawayasthoughitbelongedtohim.他拿走了这本词典,好像词典是他的似的。
当主句谓语动词是seem,look,feel,smell,taste等连系动词时,从句中情况发生的可能性又很大,从句要用陈述语气。如:①Themeattastesasthoughithasalreadygonebad.肉尝起来好像已经坏了。②Itlooksasthoughweshallhavetodotheworkourselves.看起来我们得自己做这项工作了。
asthough/if有时不接从句,而接形容词、分词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语等,也可看作是从句的省略形式。如:①Shehurriedlylefttheroomasifangry.她急匆匆地离开了房间,好像很生气的样子。②Hestaredatthegirlasthoughseeingherforthefirsttime.他盯着那位姑娘看好像是第一次看到她似的。③Heopenedhismouthasiftospeak.他张开嘴巴,好像要说话似的。④Shewastalkinga11thewhileexcitedly,asthoughtoherself.她好像一直对自己兴奋地说个不停。
25."Wehavedoneit,Sir,"hewhispered.他低声说道:“先生,我们已经挺过来了。”(p.80IntegratingSkills第1段第2行)
whisper在此意为“低语”,用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词或名词。如:①Shewhisperedawarningtomeandthendisappeared.她低声警告了我一声就不见了踪影。②Shesaiditinawhisper,soIcouldnthear.她小声说的这件事,所以我没听见说的是什么。③Heiswhisperingtohissister.他向他姐姐窃窃私语。④Hewhisperedtohersothatnoonecouldhear.他对她低声耳语以使别人听不见。
whisper还可作“(树叶或风等)飒飒做响;把(秘密等)悄悄传开,背后议论(常用于被动语态)”讲。如:①Thewindwhisperedthroughthepines.风透过松林发出飒飒声。②Itswhisperedthatheisheavilyindebt.据秘传他负债累累。
whisper若接双宾语,间接引语无论位置在前或在后,其前必须加介词to,直接宾语是代词时,只能置于间接宾语之前;是从句时,只能置于间接宾语之后。如:①Sheswhisperingastorytoherdaughter.她低声地给女儿讲故事。②Shewhisperedittohim.她低声对他说了那件事。③ShewhisperedtohimthatshewasgoingtoLondonnextweek.她低声对他说她下周将去伦敦。
26."Windfellallatonce.Thetroublesnotoveryet."saidCaptainMacWhirrhalfaloud.“风突然减弱了,麻烦还没有结束。”麦克沃尔船长几乎大声地说。(p.80IntegratingSkills第1段第2行)
(1)allatonce意为“突然”(=suddenly)。如:①Allatoncehespokeout.他突然大胆说出来。②Therewasachangemtheweatherallatonce.天气突然发生了变化。
与once构成的短语:onceuponatime从前(用于故事开头);onceortwice几次;onceandagain一而再,反复;onceforall一劳永逸地;断然;oncemore(=onceagain)一再,再三;(for)thisonce只这一次;onceinawhile有时,偶尔;beatonce...and不但,而且
(2)half此处用作副词,意为“一半,几乎,不完全地”如:①Thesepotatoesareonlyhalfcooked.这些土豆煮得只是半熟。②Shewashalflaughing,halfcrying.他半笑半哭。③Itishalfpastfour.现在是4:30了。④Thebabyishalfasleep.孩子几乎睡着了。
包含副词half的几种习惯说法:halfandhalf各占一半;halfasmany/much...as...……的半数的;nothalf非常;极其;一点也不;nothalfas远远不,几乎不
SectionIV语法
省略:1)在由and连接的句子中,为避免重复常省略一些重复的词或词组(1)省略共同的主语或宾语。如:Mr.Smithpickedupacoinintheroadand(Mr.Smith)handedittoapoliceman.史密斯先生在路上拾起一枚硬币,并把它交给了警察。(2)若主语不同而与谓语助动词、情态动词相同,则省略后面的助动词或情态动词。如:JackmusthavebeenplayingfootballandMary(musthavebeen)doingherhomework.杰克肯定一直在踢足球,玛丽在写作业。(3)若主语与谓语动词相同,则省略后面的主谓成分。如:Hisadvicemademehappy,but(hisadvicemade)Jimangry.他的建议使我高兴,但使吉姆愤怒。(4)若主语不同,但主要动词及后续部分相同,则省略主要动词及后续部分。如:Iwasborninwinterin1988andBob(wasborninwinter)in1989.我出生于1988年冬天,鲍勃是1989年冬天。(5)省略重复的介词、连词及后续部分。如:Hewaslatebecausehehadoversleptand(becausehehad)missedthetrain.他迟到了,因为睡过了头误了火车。
2)状语从句中的省略:(1)在when,while,whenever,till,assoonas,if,unless,asif,though,as,whether等引导的状语从句中,若谓语有be,而主语又跟主句主语相同或是it时,则从句的主语和be常被省略。如:①Hisopinion,whether(itis)rightorwrong,wouldbeconsidered.他的意见,无论对错,都要考虑。②Errors,if(thereare)any,shouldbecorrected.如果有什么错误,就应当改正。(2)在as,than,however,whatever,nomatterwhat等引导的从句中常省略某些成分。如:①Anyone,nomatterwho(heis),maypointoutourshortcomings.我们的缺点,不管是什么人,谁都可指出来。②Aftertwohoursshebecamequieter(thanshehadbeen).两个小时之后,她安静多了。③Imustgetitdonewhateverthecost(maybe).无论代价如何,我也要把这件事情办好。④Icanonlydoitthewayas(Iwas)toldto(doitthatway).我只能按照你的吩咐去做。
(3)虚拟条件句常省略if,将were,had,should提前构成部分倒装。如:Shouldtherebeaflood(=Ifthereshouldbeaflood),whatshouldwedo?如果发生了洪水,我们该怎么办?
(4)有些状语从句置于句末,可作句尾省略,有时可省略整个从句。如:①Johnwillgothereifmybrotherwill(go).如果我哥哥去那儿,约翰也去。②Iwouldhavecomeyesterday(ifIhadwantedto).
3)定语从句与名词性从句中的省略:(1)在限制性定语从句中,作定语用的关系代词whom,whichthat可省略;在以thesame…as和suchas引出的某些定语从句中,也可省略与主句相同的部分。如:①Thegirl(who/whom/that)theteacherspoketoisLiuYing.老师与其说话的那个女孩是刘英。②Idontlikesuchbooksasthis(is).我不喜欢这种书。(2)定语从句中的“主语+系动词be"可以省略。如:Thegoods(whichwere)orderedlastmonthhaventarrivedyet.上月订购的货物还没到达。(3)在know,think,consider,suppose,find,believe,say,decide等动词后面所接的宾语从句中,连词that可以省略;若带有多个宾语从句,只有第一个that可省略,其余的不能。如:①Ithink(that)itwillclearupthisafter-
noon.我想今天下午天会转晴。②Hesaid(that)thetextwasveryimportantandthatweshouldlearnitbyheart.他说这篇课文非常重要,我们应该背下来。(4)由which,when,where,how和why引导的宾语从句,可全部或部分省略。如:Hewillcomeback,buthedoesntknowwhen(hewillcomeback).他是要回来的,可是他不知道什么时候回来。(5)在与suggest,request,order,advise等词相关的名词性从句中,须用虚拟语气形式“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。如:①Theofficerorderedthathismen(should)fire.军官命令士兵开火。②Itissuggestedthatwe(should)gotoseethefilm.有人建议我们去看电影。
4)复合句中的特殊的省略现象:(1)主语省略多用于句首,在答句中,主句或者一些成分可全部省略。如:①(Itisa)PitythatIdidntgotoMarysbirthdaypartyyesterday.很遗憾,我昨天没去参加玛丽的生日聚会。②--WhywereyouabsentfromschoollastFriday?--(Iwasabsentfromschool)Becausemymotherwasill.--上周五你为什么没来上学?--因为我妈妈病了。(2)省略一个从句或从句的一部分,可用so或not代替。如:①--Shemaynotbefreetoday.--Ifso(so=sheisnotfreetoday),wellhavetoreportthemanager.—她今天可能没空。—如果这样,我们得向经理报告。②--Ishefeelingbettertoday?--Imafraidnot(not=heisntfeelingbettertoday).--今天他感觉好些了吗?--没有什么好转。
常用于此类结构的动词有believe,think,expect,guess,hope,imagine,suppose,say,tell等以及appear,seem,afraid等。
5)动词不定式省略,只保留to的场合:(1)不定式作某些动词的宾语时,常见动词如like,love,care,hope,wish,expect,prefer,refuse,mean,try,oblige,advice,persuade,agree,want,afford,forget,remember,try,manage,hope等。如:Youcandoitthiswayifyoucareto.如果你想做可这么做。(2)不定式在句中作某些动词后的宾语补足语或主语补足语时,常见动词如ask,tell,advise,force,persuade,wish,allow,permit等。如:Shewantstocomebutherparentswontallowherto.她想来但她父母不让她来。(3)不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时,常见形容词如happy,glad,eager,anxious,willing,ready等。如:Ithinksheshouldgetajob,butyoucantforcehertoifshesnotreadyto.我认为她应该找项工作做,但如果她不愿意你也不能强求。(4)不定式作某些复合谓语时,常见结构如beableto,begoingto,haveto,oughtto,usedto等。如:Hedoesntlikefishbutheusedto.他现在不喜欢吃鱼,但过去喜欢。
当省略的不定式内容是作助动词用的have或be的任何形式时,to后要保留原形have或be。如:①Hedidntcome,butheoughttohave.他没为,但他应该来。②Aliceisnotwhatsheusedtobe.艾丽斯变了。
6)动词不定式符号to的省略:(1)主语部分有todo,系动词是is或was时,作表语的不定式通常省略to。如:Theonlythingyouhavetodois(to)pressthebutton.你须做的惟一事情是按钮。(2)作介词but,except,besides的宾语,前面有实义动词do时,常省略不定式符号to。如:Tomhadnothingtodobesidesanswerlettersthismorning.今天上午汤姆除了复信外什么也没做。(3)当两个或多个不定式并列时,其后的不定式符号可省略,但有对比关系时则不省略。如:Itiseasiertomakeaplanthantocarryinout.制定计划比执行计划容易。(4)在see,watch,notice,hear,listento,lookat,feel,have,make,1et,leave,observe等词后作宾语补足语时,省略不定式符号to;why(not)do结构中不定式不带to。如:①Didyounoticeherentertheroom?你发现她进房间了吗?②Whynotjoinus?为什么不加入到我们行列里来呢?
7)介词的省略:(1)一些常和动词、名词或形容词一起搭配的介词常省略,而保留其后的动名词,常见句型有:spend/wastetime(in)doing,losenotime(in)doing,havedifficulty/trouble(in)doing,bybusy(in)doing,stop/preventsb.(from)doing等。如:①Theheavyrainpreventedhim(from)arrivingthereontime.大雨使得他没能准时到达那里。②Shelostnotime(in)givingthepatientfirstaid.她立刻对病人进行急救。(2)表示时间的介词at,on和in用在next,last,this,these,yesterday,tomorrow,one,any,every,each,some,all等词之前,一般皆省略;表示一段时间状语短语之前的for也可省略。如:①WegotoschooleverydayexceptSundays.除星期天处,我们每天都上学。②Wehavebeenhere(for)threeweeks.我们这儿已呆了三周了。(3)表示行为方式的in在inthisway,inthesameway,inanotherway等词组中,经常被省略。如:Hedidit(in)thisway.他是这样做的。
8)会话中的省略:省略在会话中应用广泛,无论是回答别人问题,还是在接别人说话时都会发生,否则就觉得累赘。如:①--Doyoulikethisshirt?--Yes,(Ilikethisshirt)verymuch.—你喜欢这件衬衫吗?—非常喜欢。②(Come)Thisway,please.请这边走
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